Abstract
Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been proposed to be an unconventional risk
factor for cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the association between HPV infection
and cardiovascular diseases among women with or without HPV vaccination.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 9,353 women aged between 20 to 59 years old who
were tested for vaginal HPV DNA in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) 2003-2016. Cardiovascular diseases were defined as the presence of self-reported
coronary heart diseases, heart attacks, angina pectoris, and stroke. The association
between HPV and cardiovascular diseases was studied using logistic regression, with
adjustment for the potential confounders.
Results
A total of 40.8% of women were HPV DNA positive; 3.0% had cardiovascular diseases;
and 9.0% of women received the HPV vaccine. The presence of vaginal HPV infection
was associated with cardiovascular diseases (odd ratio [OR] = 1.66, 95% confidence
interval [CI] 1.28-2.16), which remained significant (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.15-2.08)
after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, medical
history, family history of cardiovascular diseases, and antihypertensive drugs. The
association was absent among those who were vaccinated against HPV (OR= 0.50, 95%
CI 0.07-3.51) but present among those who were not (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.18-2.25).
Conclusions
There was an association between HPV infection and cardiovascular diseases. This association
was not significant among women vaccinated against HPV. The effect of HPV vaccination
on cardiovascular diseases requires further investigation.
Keywords
Abbreviations:
ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme), ARB (Angiotensin II receptor blocker), CI (Confidence intervals), HPV (Human papillomavirus), ITR (InflammoThrombotic Response), NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), OR (Odds ratio), SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 14, 2022
Publication stage
In Press Journal Pre-ProofFootnotes
Funding: None.
Conflicts of Interest: None.
Authorship: All authors had access to the data and a role in writing this manuscript.
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