Abstract
Keywords
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to The American Journal of MedicineReferences
- Reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease, part 1.Circ Res. 2017; 121: 677-694
- Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a review of contemporary guidance and literature.JRSM Cardiovasc Dis. 2017; 6 (2048004016687211)
- Dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a review of the evidence.Proc Nutr Soc. 2020; 79: 68-75
- Cardio-metabolic benefits of plant-based diets.Nutrients. 2017; 9: 848
- Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 791-796
- Vegetarian dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease.Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018; 61: 54-61
- Vegetarian diets and glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2014; 4: 373-382
- Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: a meta-analysis.JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174: 577-587
- The effect of Mediterranean Diet on metabolic syndrome and its components.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 57: 1299-1313
- Metabolic Syndrome.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2017; 22: 365-367
- A review of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets.Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003; 5: 476-483
- Ketogenic diet for obesity: friend or foe?.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 2092-2107
- Body composition changes after very low-calorie-ketogenic diet in obesity evaluated by three standardized methods.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102: 488-498
- Comparison of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet with a standard low-calorie diet in the treatment of obesity.Endocrine. 2014; 47: 793-805
- Efficacy and safety of very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in patients with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2020; 21: 5-16
- Long term successful weight loss with a combination biphasic ketogenic Mediterranean Diet and Mediterranean Diet maintenance protocol.Nutrients. 2013; 5: 5205-5217
- Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obes Rev. 2015; 16: 64-76
- Impact of ketosis on appetite regulation—a review.Nutr Res. 2020; 77: 1-11
- Long term effects of ketogenic diet in obese subjects with high cholesterol level.Mol Cell Biochem. 2006; 286: 1-9
- Middle and long-term impact of a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet on cardiometabolic factors: a multi-center, cross-sectional, clinical study.High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2015; 22: 389-394
- The three-month effects of a ketogenic diet on body composition, blood parameters, and performance metrics in CrossFit trainees: a pilot study.Sports (Basel). 2018; 6: 1
- Effect of a high-fat ketogenic diet on plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in children.JAMA. 2003; 290: 912-920
- Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Br J Nutr. 2013; 110: 1178-1187
- Effect of low carbohydrate high fat diet on LDL cholesterol and gene expression in normal-weight, young adults: a randomized controlled study.Atherosclerosis. 2018; 279: 52-61
- Effects of carbohydrate-restricted diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2019; 77: 161-180
- A ketogenic diet favorably affects serum biomarkers for cardiovascular disease in normal-weight men.J Nutr. 2002; 132: 1879-1885
- Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet.Lipids. 2009; 44: 297-309
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors.Obes Rev. 2012; 13: 1048-1066
- Treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications with a ketogenic diet.J Child Neurol. 2013; 28: 1009-1014
- Effects of ketogenic diets on cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from animal and human studies.Nutrients. 2017; 9: 517
- Beneficial effects of ketogenic diet in obese diabetic subjects.Mol Cell Biochem. 2007; 302: 249-256
- Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes.Nutrition. 2012; 28: 1016-1021
- A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes.Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005; 2: 34
- Short-term low-carbohydrate high-fat diet with or without post-meal walks on glycemic control and inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2018; 315: R1210-R1219
- The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nutr Metab. 2008; 5: 36
- Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013; 304: H1060-H1076
- SGLT2 inhibitors and cardioprotection: a matter of debate and multiple hypotheses.Postgrad Med. 2019; 131: 82-88
- Can a shift in fuel energetics explain the beneficial cardiorenal outcomes in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study? A unifying hypothesis.Diabetes Care. 2016; 39: 1115-1122
- Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids.JAMA. 2005; 294: 2455
- A high-fat, ketogenic diet causes hepatic insulin resistance in mice, despite increasing energy expenditure and preventing weight gain.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010; 299: E808-E815
- Short-term feeding of a ketogenic diet induces more severe hepatic insulin resistance than an obesogenic high-fat diet.J Physiol. 2018; 596: 4597-4609
- Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance are altered by maintenance on a ketogenic diet.Endocrinology. 2010; 151: 3105-3114
- U-shaped relationship between carbohydrate intake proportion and incident atrial fibrillation.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 73: 4
- Cardiac complications in pediatric patients on the ketogenic diet.Neurology. 2000; 54: 2328-2330
- Glucose and lipid homeostasis and inflammation in humans following an isocaloric ketogenic diet.Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019; 27: 971-981
- Hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and ER stress in mice maintained long term on a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011; 300: G956-G967
- Red meat and colorectal cancer.Oncol Rev. 2015; 9: 288
- Dietary protein sources and risk for incident chronic kidney disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.J Ren Nutr. 2017; 27: 233-242
- Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015; 115: 1203-1212
- Circadian rhythms, sleep, and metabolism.J Clin Invest. 2011; 121: 2133-2141
- Circadian rhythms, time-restricted feeding, and healthy aging.Ageing Res Rev. 2017; 39: 59-67
- Time-restricted feeding for prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disorders.J Physiol. 2017; 595: 3691-3700
- Fasting, circadian rhythms, and time-restricted feeding in healthy lifespan.Cell Metab. 2016; 23: 1048-1059
- Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males.J Transl Med. 2016; 14: 290
- Impact of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction on glucose regulation in healthy, normal-weight middle-aged men and women.Metabolism. 2007; 56: 1729-1734
- Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public Health Nutr. 2014; 17: 396-406
- Metabolic effects of intermittent fasting.Annu Rev Nutr. 2017; 37: 371-393
- A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults.Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85: 981-988
- Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: a pilot study.Nutr Healthy Aging. 2018; 4: 345-353
- Ten-hour time-restricted eating reduces weight, blood pressure, and atherogenic lipids in patients with metabolic syndrome.Cell Metab. 2020; 31: 92-104.e105
- Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults.JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2018; 16: 507-547
- Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism.Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81: 69-73
- Assessment of the metabolic effects of isocaloric 2:1 intermittent fasting in mice.J Vis Exp. 2019; https://doi.org/10.3791/60174
- Fasting for weight loss: an effective strategy or latest dieting trend?.Int J Obes. 2015; 39: 727-733
- Intermittent fasting in cardiovascular disorders—an overview.Nutrients. 2019; 11: 673
- Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial.Nutr J. 2013; 12: 146
- Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans.Nutr Rev. 2015; 73: 661-674
- Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective observational study.Nutr J. 2012; 11: 69
- Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015; 102: 464-470
- Impact of intermittent fasting on the lipid profile: assessment associated with diet and weight loss.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2018; 24: 14-21
- Time-restricted feeding and risk of metabolic disease: a review of human and animal studies.Nutr Rev. 2014; 72: 308-318
- Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: metabolic and cardiovascular consequences.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 23: 1050-1057
- Ramadan fasting ameliorates arterial pulse pressure and lipid profile, and alleviates oxidative stress in hypertensive patients.Blood Press. 2014; 23: 160-167
- Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes.Cell Metab. 2018; 27: 1212-1221.e3
- Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults.Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 90: 1138-1143
- Relation of routine, periodic fasting to risk of diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography.Am J Cardiol. 2012; 109: 1558-1562
- Intermittent fasting vs daily calorie restriction for type 2 diabetes prevention: a review of human findings.Transl Res. 2014; 164: 302-311
- Impact of intermittent fasting on glucose homeostasis.Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2016; 19: 300-302
- A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity.Obesity. 2016; 24: 1874-1883
- Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems.J Nutr Biochem. 2005; 16: 129-137
- Usefulness of routine periodic fasting to lower risk of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography.Am J Cardiol. 2008; 102: 814-819
- Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and biochemical parameters during prolonged intermittent fasting.Ann Nutr Metab. 2007; 51: 88-95
- Diabetes control during Ramadan fasting.Cleve Clin J Med. 2017; 84: 352-356
- Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease.N Engl J Med. 2019; 381: 2541-2551
- Flipping the metabolic switch: understanding and applying the health benefits of fasting.Obesity. 2018; 26: 254-268
- Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health.Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018; 19: 63-80
Article Info
Publication History
Footnotes
Funding: Funding was provided by Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Division of Cardiology at Emory University.
Conflict of Interest: PT: Consultant to Sanofi/Regeneron, Novo-Nordisk, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Janssen, Amgen, Amarin, Pfizer, Esperion Therapeutics. Shareholder of Epirium Bio; all other authors report no conflicts of interest.
Authorship: All authors participated in the research or preparation of the manuscript.