Abstract
Keywords
The Increasing Burden of Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes—A Growing Epidemic
International Federation of Diabetes (IDF). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th ed. Available at: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/diabetes. Accessed May 8, 2013.
World Health Organization (WHO). Diabetes fact sheet 312. January 2011. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/. Accessed May 8, 2013.
International Federation of Diabetes (IDF). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th ed. Available at: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/diabetes. Accessed May 8, 2013.
International Federation of Diabetes (IDF). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th ed. Available at: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/diabetes. Accessed May 8, 2013.
Ogden CL, Carroll MD. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity among adults: United States, trends 1960-1962 through 2007-2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2013.
Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes

The Long-term Burden of Type 2 Diabetes
World Health Organization (WHO). Diabetes fact sheet 312. January 2011. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/. Accessed May 8, 2013.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: time to act. Available at: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/Diabetes%20and%20CVD.pdf. Accessed May 14, 2013.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: time to act. Available at: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/Diabetes%20and%20CVD.pdf. Accessed May 14, 2013.
Possible Interventions to Reduce Burden of Diabetes
- Skyler J.S.
- Bergenstal R.
- Bonow R.O.
- et al.
- Skyler J.S.
- Bergenstal R.
- Bonow R.O.
- et al.
Benefits of Early Intervention: Addressing Prediabetes
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). More than a third of adults estimated to have prediabetes. Press release January 2011. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2011/p0126_diabetes.html. Accessed May 8, 2013.
- Lorenzo C.
- Williams K.
- Hunt K.J.
- Haffner S.M.
- Franciosi M.
- Pellegrini F.
- Sacco M.
- et al.
Identifying patients at risk for microalbuminuria via interaction of the components of the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional analytic study.
- Gerstein H.C.
- Yusuf S.
- Bosch J.
- DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators
- et al.
- Garber A.J.
- Handelsman Y.
- Einhorn D.
- et al.
- Garber A.J.
- Handelsman Y.
- Einhorn D.
- et al.
- Gerstein H.C.
- Yusuf S.
- Bosch J.
- DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators
- et al.
GlaxoSmithKline. Avandia. Highlights of prescribing information; May 2011. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/021071s039lbl.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2013.
Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc. Actos. August 2007. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/021073s031lbl.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2013.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA drug safety communication: updated Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to restrict access to rosiglitazone-containing medicines including Avandia, Avandamet, and Avandaryl. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm255005.htm. Accessed May 8, 2013.
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Diagnosing Diabetes
Diagnosis and Classification Criteria
World Health Organization/International Diabetes Federation (WHO/IDF). Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia. 2006. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594934_eng.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2013.
World Health Organization (WHO). Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Available at: http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/report-hba1c_2011.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2013.
Undiagnosed Diabetes: The Importance of Screening
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Initial Intervention: Lifestyle Changes and Metformin
Lifestyle Changes
- Nathan D.M.
- Buse J.B.
- Davidson M.B.
- et al.
- Nathan D.M.
- Buse J.B.
- Davidson M.B.
- et al.
Metformin
- Nathan D.M.
- Buse J.B.
- Davidson M.B.
- et al.
- Nathan D.M.
- Buse J.B.
- Davidson M.B.
- et al.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Glucophage® package insert. Available at: http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_glucophage.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2013.
Current Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Algorithm
International Federation of Diabetes (IDF). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 5th ed. Available at: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/diabetes. Accessed May 8, 2013.
World Health Organization (WHO). Diabetes fact sheet 312. January 2011. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/. Accessed May 8, 2013.
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
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Article Info
Footnotes
Funding: The publication of this article was funded by Novo Nordisk Inc .
Conflict of Interest: REP has received Research/Clinical Trial Support from GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Mannkind, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi and Takeda ; and has attended Advisory Panel/acted as a Consultant or Speaker for AstraZeneca/Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Lexicon, Mannkind, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Takeda. As of June 2011, all honoraria are directed to a nonprofit foundation.
Authorship: Writing support was provided by Watermeadow Medical. The author takes responsibility for the content of this manuscript.