The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 11 , Pages 1036-1042 , November 2010

Risk of Suicide after Long-term Follow-up from Bariatric Surgery

  • Hilary A. Tindle, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Hilary A Tindle, MD, MPH, Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 230 McKee Place, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
  • ,
  • Bennet Omalu, MD, MPH, MBA

      Affiliations

    • University of California, Davis
  • ,
  • Anita Courcoulas, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
  • ,
  • Marsha Marcus, PhD

      Affiliations

    • University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
  • ,
  • Jennifer Hammers, DO

      Affiliations

    • Office of Chief Medical Examiner, The City of New York, New York
  • ,
  • Lewis H. Kuller, MD, DrPH

      Affiliations

    • University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa

References 

  1. McTigue KM, Harris R, Hemphill B, et al. Screening and interventions for obesity in adults: summary of the evidence for the U.S. (Preventive Services Task Force). Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:933–949
  2. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel. Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(2 Suppl):615S–619S
  3. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA. 2004;291:2847–2850
  4. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292:1724–1737
  5. Fernandez AZ, Demaria EJ, Tichansky DS, et al. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for death following gastric bypass for treatment of morbid obesity. Ann Surg. 2004;239:698–703
  6. Flum DR, Dellinger EP. Impact of gastric bypass operation on survival: a population-based analysis. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;199:543–551
  7. Mason EE, Renquist KE, Jiang D. Perioperative risks and safety of surgery for severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(2 Suppl):573S–576S
  8. The Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Consortium. Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:445–454
  9. Flum DR, Belle SH, King WC, et al. Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:445–454
  10. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Sledge I. Trends in mortality in bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery. 2007;142:621–635
  11. Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, et al. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:753–761
  12. Flum DR, Salem L, Elrod JA, Dellinger EP, Cheadle A, Chan L. Early mortality among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing bariatric surgical procedures. JAMA. 2005;294:1903–1908
  13. Goldfeder L, Ren C, Gill J. Fatal complications of bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1050–1056
  14. Gould JC, Garren MJ, Boll V, Starling JR. Laparoscopic gastric bypass: risks vs. benefits up to two years following surgery in super-super obese patients. Surgery. 2006;140:524–531
  15. Kushner RF, Noble CA. Long-term outcome of bariatric surgery: an interim analysis. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2006;81(10 Suppl):S46–S51
  16. Omalu BI, Ives DG, Buhari AM, et al. Death rates and causes of death after bariatric surgery for Pennsylvania residents, 1995 to 2004. Arch Surg. 2007;142:923–929
  17. Poulose BK, Griffin MR, Moore DE, et al. Risk factors for post-operative mortality in bariatric surgery. J Surg Res. 2005;127:1–7
  18. Sjostrom L, Narbro K, Sjostrom CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:741–752
  19. Zhang W, Mason E, Renquist K, Zimmerman M IBSR Contributors. Factors influencing survival following surgical treatment of obesity. Obes Surg. 2005;15:43–50
  20. Mitchell J, Lancaster K, Burgard M, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients' status after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2001;11:464–468
  21. Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG, et al. Who would have thought it? (An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus). Ann Surg. 1995;222:339–352
  22. Powers PS, Rosemurgy A, Boyd F, Perez A. Outcome of gastric restriction procedures: weight, psychiatric diagnoses, and satisfaction. Obes Surg. 1997;7:471–477
  23. Maddi S, Khoshaba D, Persico M, Bleecker F, VanArsdall G. Psychosocial correlates of psychopathology in a national sample of the morbidly obese. Obes Surg. 1997;7:397–404
  24. Papageorgiou G, Papakonstantinou A, Mamplekou E, Terzis I, Melissas J. Pre- and postoperative psychological characteristics in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg. 2002;12:534–539
  25. van Hout G, van Oudheusden I, van Heck G. Psychological profile of the morbidly obese. Obes Surg. 2004;14:579–588
  26. Mather AA, Cox BJ, Enns MW, Sareen J. Associations of obesity with psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviors in a nationally representative sample. J Psychosom Res. 2009;66:277–285
  27. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Levine MD, et al. Psychiatric disorders among bariatric surgery candidates: relationship to obesity and functional health status. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:328–334
  28. Sarwer D, Cohn N, Gibbons L, et al. Psychiatric diagnoses and psychiatric treatment among bariatric surgery candidates. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1148–1156
  29. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Levine MD, Soulakova JN, Courcoulas AP, Wisinski MSC. Relationship of psychiatric disorders to 6-month outcomes after gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4:544–549
  30. Carpenter KM, Hasin DS, Allison DB, Faith MS. Relationships between obesity and DSM-IV major depressive disorder, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts: results from a general population study. Am J Public Health. 2000;90:251–257
  31. Eaton DK, Lowry R, Brener ND, Galuska DA, Crosby AE. Associations of body mass index and perceived weight with suicide ideation and suicide attempts among US high school students. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:513–519
  32. Dong C, Li WD, Li D, Price RA. Extreme obesity is associated with attempted suicides: results from a family study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:388–390
  33. Magnusson PKE, Rasmussen F, Lawlor DA, Tynelius P, Gunnell D. Association of body mass index with suicide mortality: a prospective cohort study of more than one million men. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:1–8
  34. Mukamal KJ, Kawachi I, Miller M, Rimm EB. Body mass index and risk of suicide among men. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:468–475
  35. Elovainio M, Shipley MJ, Ferrie JE, et al. Obesity, unexplained weight loss and suicide: the original Whitehall study. J Affect Disord. 2009;116:218–221
  36. Sansone RA, Wiederman MW, Schumacher DF, Routsong-Weichers L. The prevalence of self-harm behaviors among a sample of gastric surgery candidates. J Psychosom Res. 2008;65:441–444
  37. Hawton K, van Heeringen K. Suicide. Lancet. 2009;373(9672):1372–1381
  38. McMahon MM, Sarr MG, Clark MM, et al. Clinical management after bariatric surgery: value of a multidisciplinary approach. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2006;81(10 Suppl):S34–S45
  39. Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Fabricatore AN. Psychosocial and behavioral aspects of bariatric surgery. Obes Res. 2005;13:639–648
  40. Santry H, Chin M, Cagney K, Alverdy J, Lauderdale D. The use of multidisciplinary teams to evaluate bariatric surgery patients: results from a national survey in the U.S.A.. Obes Surg. 2006;16:59–66
  41. American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Bariatric Surgical Society Takes on New Name, New Mission and New Surgery. Gainesville, FL: American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery; 2007;
  42. Santry HP, Gillen DL, Lauderdale DS. Trends in bariatric surgical procedures. JAMA. 2005;294:1909–1917
  43. Zhao Y, Encinosa W. Statistical Brief #23: Bariatric Surgery Utilization and Outcomes in 1998 and 2004. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2007;
  44. Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council (PHC4). PHC4 database. http://www.phc4.org/Accessed August 25, 2010.
  45. Ives DG, Fitzpatrick AL, Bild DE, et al. Surveillance and ascertainment of cardiovascular events : the Cardiovascular Health Study. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;45:278–285
  46. National Center for Health Statistics. Table 46: Death rates for suicide, according to sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age: United States, selected years 1950-2002. In: Health, United States, 2005: With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2005;p. 221–223
  47. Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Health Statistics and Research. Pennsylvania Vital Statistics. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Department of Health; 2007;
  48. Shekelle PG, Morton SC, Maglione MA, et al. Southern California-RAND Evidence-Based Practice Center. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 103: Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Obesity (AHRQ Publication No. 04-E028-2). Rockwille, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2004;
  49. Maggard MA, Shugarman LR, Suttorp M, et al. Meta-analysis: surgical treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:547–559
  50. Magro D, Geloneze B, Delfini R, Pareja B, Callejas F, Pareja J. Long-term weight regain after gastric bypass: a 5-year prospective study. Obes Surg. 2008;18:648–651
  51. Omalu BI, Cho P, Shakir AM, et al. Suicides following bariatric surgery for the treatment of obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2005;1:447–449
  52. Hrabosky J, Masheb R, White M, Rothschild B, Burke-Martindale C, Grilo C. A prospective study of body dissatisfaction and concerns in extremely obese gastric bypass patients: 6- and 12-month postoperative outcomes. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1615–1621
  53. Hagedorn JC, Encarnacion B, Brat GA, Morton JM. Does gastric bypass alter alcohol metabolism?. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3:543–548
  54. Stolley PD, Kuller LH. The need for epidemiologists and surgeons to cooperate in the evaluation of surgical therapies. Surgery. 1975;78:123–125
  55. Lilienfeld DE, Stolley PD. Foundations of Epidemiology. 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994;
  56. Solomon H, Liu GY, Alami R, Morton J, Curet MJ. Benefits to patients choosing preoperative weight loss in gastric bypass surgery: new results of a randomized trial. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208:241–245
  57. McCulloch P, Altman DG, Campbell WB, et al. No surgical innovation without evaluation: the IDEAL recommendations. Lancet. 2009;374(9695):1105–1112
  58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Violent Death Reporting System. http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/nvdrs/index.htmlAccessed August 25, 2010.

 Funding: This publication was made possible by a grant from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research (KL2 RR024154-05, Dr. Tindle). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of NCRR or NIH. Information on NCRR is available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/. Information on Re-engineering the Clinical Research Enterprise can be obtained from http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/clinicalresearch/overview-translational.asp.

 Conflict of Interest: There are no conflicts of interest to report.

 Author: All authors had access to the data and had a role in writing the manuscript.

PII: S0002-9343(10)00574-7

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.06.016

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 11 , Pages 1036-1042 , November 2010