The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 9 , Pages 863.e1-863.e6 , September 2010

Lactation and Maternal Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-based Study

  • Eleanor Bimla Schwarz, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pa
    • Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pa
    • Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pa
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Eleanor Bimla Schwarz, MD, MS, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Center for Research on Health Care, 230 McKee Place, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
    • ,
  • Jeanette S. Brown, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
    • Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco
    • Department of Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco
    • ,
  • Jennifer M. Creasman, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Women's Health Clinical Research Center, University of California, San Francisco
    • ,
  • Alison Stuebe, MD, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
    • ,
  • Candace K. McClure, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pa
    • ,
  • Stephen K. Van Den Eeden, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland
    • ,
  • David Thom, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

References 

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  2. Cowie CC, Rust KF, Ford ES, et al. Full accounting of diabetes and prediabetes in the U.S. population in 1988-1994 and 2005-2006. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:287–294
  3. Zimmet PZ. The pathogenesis and prevention of diabetes in adults (Genes, autoimmunity, and demography). Diabetes Care. 1995;18:1050–1064
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  5. Burnol AF, Leturque A, Ferre P, et al. Increased insulin sensitivity and responsiveness during lactation in rats. Am J Physiol. 1986;251(5 Pt 1):E537–E541
  6. Jones RG, Ilic V, Williamson DH. Physiological significance of altered insulin metabolism in the conscious rat during lactation. Biochem J. 1984;220:455–460
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  8. McManus RM, Cunningham I, Watson A, et al. Beta-cell function and visceral fat in lactating women with a history of gestational diabetes. Metabolism. 2001;50:715–719
  9. Stuebe AM, Rich-Edwards JW, Willett WC, et al. Duration of lactation and incidence of type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2005;294:2601–2610
  10. Schwarz EB, Ray RM, Stuebe AM, et al. Duration of lactation and risk factors for maternal cardiovascular disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:974–982
  11. Villegas R, Gao YT, Yang G, et al. Duration of breast-feeding and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Diabetologia. 2008;51:258–266
  12. Thom DH, van den Eeden SK, Ragins AI, et al. Differences in prevalence of urinary incontinence by race/ethnicity. J Urol. 2006;175:259–264
  13. de Zegher F, Spitz B, Van den Berghe G, et al. Postpartum hyperprolactinemia and hyporesponsiveness of growth hormone (GH) to GH-releasing peptide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:103–106
  14. Kinoshita T, Itoh M. Longitudinal variance of fat mass deposition during pregnancy evaluated by ultrasonography: the ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat in the abdomen. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2006;61:115–118
  15. Pascot A, Lemieux S, Lemieux I, et al. Age-related increase in visceral adipose tissue and body fat and the metabolic risk profile of premenopausal women. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1471–1478
  16. Lankarani-Fard A, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E, Goodman-Gruen D. Cumulative duration of breast-feeding influences cortisol levels in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10:681–687
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  18. Promislow JH, Gladen BC, Sandler DP. Maternal recall of breastfeeding duration by elderly women. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:289–296
  19. Rasmussen KM, Hilson JA, Kjolhede CL. Obesity may impair lactogenesis II. J Nutr. 2001;131:3009S–3011S
  20. Amir LH, Donath S. A systemic review of maternal obesity and breastfeeding intention, initiation and duration. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2001;7:9
  21. Irgens HU, Reisaeter L, Irgens LM, et al. Long term mortality of mothers and fathers after pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2001;323(7323):1213–1217
  22. Wolf M, Hubel CA, Lam C, et al. Preeclampsia and future cardiovascular disease: potential role of altered angiogenesis and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:6239–6243
  23. Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007;(153):1–186
  24. Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, et al. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2005;115:496–506
  25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Government breastfeeding data: provisional for 2006. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/NIS_data/index.htmAccessed January 22, 2010
  26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding-related maternity practices at hospitals and birth centers—United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(23):621–625
  27. Fein SB, Mandal B, Roe BE. Success of strategies for combining employment and breastfeeding. Pediatrics. 2008;122(Suppl 2):S56–S62

 Funding: The Reproductive Risk factors for Incontinence Study at Kaiser (RRISK) was funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/Office of Research on Women's Health Specialized Center of Research Grant #P50 DK064538. Dr Schwarz was supported by National Institute of Child Health and Development grant #K23 HD051585-01.

 Conflict of Interest: None of the authors have any conflicts of interest.

 Authorship: All authors had access to the data and an active role in writing this manuscript.

PII: S0002-9343(10)00385-2

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.03.016

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 9 , Pages 863.e1-863.e6 , September 2010

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