Effect of Folic Acid, with or without Other B Vitamins, on Cognitive Decline: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Standardized mean differences in cognitive function test scores (and 95% confidence intervals) between folic acid, with or without other B vitamins, and placebo groups for all tests within each randomized trial and pooled effect across all trials. CI=confidence interval; SMD=standardized mean difference.

Standardized mean differences in cognitive function test scores (and 95% confidence intervals) between folic acid, with or without other B vitamins, and placebo groups according to category of cognitive function (each square represents 1 scored task within a cognitive function test for a randomized trial).

Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals in subgroups of randomized trials according to mean age of participants, treatment received, folic acid dose, and duration of treatment. CI=confidence interval; SMD=standardized mean difference.