The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 3 , Pages 213-216 , March 2010

Diabetic Retinopathy: An Update on Treatment

  • Ryan J. Fante, BS

      Affiliations

    • University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colo
    • ,
  • Vikram D. Durairaj, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Ophthalmology, Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo
    • ,
  • Scott C.N. Oliver, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colo
    • Department of Ophthalmology, Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Scott C.N. Oliver, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute, University of Colorado Denver, PO Box 6510, Mail Stop F731, Aurora, CO 80045

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control. National Diabetes Fact Sheet: 2007. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control; 2008;
  2. Klein R, Knudtson MD, Lee KE, et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XXII the twenty-five-year progression of retinopathy in persons with type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1859–1868
  3. Wong TY, Klein R, Islam FM, et al. Diabetic retinopathy in a multi-ethnic cohort in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141:446–455
  4. Mohamed Q, Gillies MC, Wong TY. Management of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007;298:902–916
  5. Frank RN. Diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:48–58
  6. American Academy of Ophthalmology Retina Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern® Guidelines. Diabetic Retinopathy San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2008;http://one.aao.org/CE/PracticeGuidelines/PPP.aspxAccessed August 27, 2009
  7. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy (ETDRS report number 9). Ophthalmology. 1991;98:766–785
  8. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Progression of retinopathy with intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:647–661
  9. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–853
  10. Matthews DR, Stratton IM, Aldington SJ, et al. Risks of progression of retinopathy and vision loss related to tight blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: UKPDS 69. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:1631–1640
  11. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, et al. Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(Suppl 2):B54–B64
  12. Indications for photocoagulation treatment of diabetic retinopathy (The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group). Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1987;27:239–253
  13. The Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy (Four-year results of a randomized trial). Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:958–964
  14. Tolentino MJ, McLeod DS, Taomoto M, et al. Pathologic features of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinopathy in the nonhuman primate. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:373–385
  15. Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1480–1487
  16. Adamis AP, Altaweel M, Bressler NM, et al. Changes in retinal neovascularization after pegaptanib (Macugen) therapy in diabetic individuals. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:23–28
  17. Arevalo JF, Sanchez JG, Fromow-Guerra J. Comparison of two doses of primary intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for diffuse diabetic macular edema: results from the PACORES at 12-month follow-up. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247:735–743
  18. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. DRCR Studies. http://public.drcr.net/Accessed July 2009
  19. Yilmaz T, Weaver CD, Gallagher MJ, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema: a systematic review. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:902–911
  20. Beck RW, Edwards AR, Aiello LP, et al. Three-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing focal/grid photocoagulation and intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:245–251

 Funding: None.

 Conflict of Interest: None.

 Authorship: All authors participated in the preparation of the manuscript.

PII: S0002-9343(09)01006-7

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.09.020

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 3 , Pages 213-216 , March 2010

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