The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 2 , Pages 183.e1-183.e9 , February 2010

Prevalence and Relative Risk of Other Autoimmune Diseases in Subjects with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

  • Kristien Boelaert, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests should be addressed to Kristien Boelaert, PhD, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, IBR Building 2nd Floor, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Paul R. Newby

      Affiliations

    • School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Matthew J. Simmonds, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Roger L. Holder

      Affiliations

    • School of Health and Population Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Jacqueline D. Carr-Smith

      Affiliations

    • School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Joanne M. Heward, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Nilusha Manji

      Affiliations

    • School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Amit Allahabadia, MD

      Affiliations

    • Northern General Hospital; Sheffield, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Mary Armitage, DM

      Affiliations

    • Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Krishna V. Chatterjee, PhD

      Affiliations

    • University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • John H. Lazarus, MD

      Affiliations

    • Center for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Simon H. Pearce, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle
  • ,
  • Bijay Vaidya, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Stephen C. Gough, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Jayne A. Franklyn, PhD

      Affiliations

    • School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom

References 

  1. Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1977;7:481–493
  2. Barker JM. Clinical review: type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity: natural history, genetic associations, and screening. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1210–1217
  3. Tait KF, Marshall T, Berman J, et al. Clustering of autoimmune disease in parents of siblings from the type 1 diabetes Warren repository. Diabet Med. 2004;21:358–362
  4. Laberge G, Mailloux CM, Gowan K, et al. Early disease onset and increased risk of other autoimmune diseases in familial generalized vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res. 2005;18:300–305
  5. Kasperlik-Zaluska A, Czarnocka B, Czech W. High prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in idiopathic Addison's disease. Autoimmunity. 1994;18:213–216
  6. Barcellos LF, Kamdar BB, Ramsay PP, et al. Clustering of autoimmune diseases in families with a high-risk for multiple sclerosis: a descriptive study. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:924–931
  7. Broadley SA, Deans J, Sawcer SJ, et al. Autoimmune disease in first-degree relatives of patients with multiple sclerosis (A UK survey). Brain. 2000;123(Pt 6):1102–1111
  8. Jenkins RC, Weetman AP. Disease associations with autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid. 2002;12:977–988
  9. Brix TH, Christensen K, Holm NV, et al. A population-based study of Graves' disease in Danish twins. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998;48:397–400
  10. Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM, French JM, et al. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995;43:55–68
  11. Tomer Y, Davies TF. Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: from gene mapping to gene function. Endocr Rev. 2003;24:694–717
  12. Ringold DA, Nicoloff JT, Kesler M, et al. Further evidence for a strong genetic influence on the development of autoimmune thyroid disease: the California twin study. Thyroid. 2002;12:647–653
  13. Brix TH, Kyvik KO, Hegedus L. A population-based study of chronic autoimmune hypothyroidism in Danish twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:536–539
  14. Burton PR, Clayton DG, Cardon LR, et al. Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants. Nat Genet. 2007;39:1329–1337
  15. Manji N, Carr-Smith JD, Boelaert K, et al. Influences of age, gender, smoking, and family history on autoimmune thyroid disease phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4873–4880
  16. Simmonds MJ, Heward JM, Carr-Smith J, et al. Contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms within FCRL3 and MAP3K7IP2 to the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1056–1061
  17. Werner SC. Modification of the classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease: recommendations of the Ad Hoc Committee of the American Thyroid Association. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977;44:203–204
  18. Bain SC, Todd JA, Barnett AH. The British Diabetic Association—Warren repository. Autoimmunity. 1990;7:83–85
  19. Harvey JN, Craney L, Kelly D. Estimation of the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes from primary care and secondary care source data: comparison of record linkage with capture-recapture analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56:18–23
  20. Herrera BM, Cader MZ, Dyment DA, et al. Multiple sclerosis susceptibility and the X chromosome. Mult Scler. 2007;13:856–864
  21. Johnson AE, Gordon C, Palmer RG, Bacon PA. The prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Birmingham, England (Relationship to ethnicity and country of birth). Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:551–558
  22. Nightingale AL, Farmer RD, de Vries CS. Systemic lupus erythematosus prevalence in the UK: methodological issues when using the General Practice Research Database to estimate frequency of chronic relapsing-remitting disease. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16:144–151
  23. Robertson NP, Deans J, Compston DA. Myasthenia gravis: a population based epidemiological study in Cambridgeshire, England. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:492–496
  24. Rubin GP, Hungin AP, Chinn DJ, Dwarakanath D. Quality of life in patients with established inflammatory bowel disease: a UK general practice survey. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:529–535
  25. Bright GM, Blizzard RM, Kaiser DL, Clarke WL. Organ-specific autoantibodies in children with common endocrine diseases. J Pediatr. 1982;100:8–14
  26. Smithson MJ. Screening for thyroid dysfunction in a community population of diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 1998;15:148–150
  27. Todd JA, Walker NM, Cooper JD, et al. Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2007;39:857–864
  28. Nightingale S, Vitek PJ, Himsworth RL. The haematology of hyperthyroidism. Q J Med. 1978;47:35–47
  29. Katakura M, Yamada T, Aizawa T, et al. Presence of antideoxyribonucleic acid antibody in patients with hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;64:405–408
  30. Dechairo BM, Zabaneh D, Collins J, et al. Association of the TSHR gene with Graves' disease: the first disease specific locus. Eur J Hum Genet. 2005;13:1223–1230
  31. Brix TH, Kyvik KO, Hegedus L. Validity of self-reported hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: comparison of self-reported questionnaire data with medical record review. Thyroid. 2001;11:769–773
  32. Johnson MW, Ellis HJ, Asante MA, Ciclitira PJ. Celiac disease in the elderly. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;5:697–706
  33. Maddison PJ. Is it SLE?. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002;16:167–180
  34. Criswell LA, Pfeiffer KA, Lum RF, et al. Analysis of families in the multiple autoimmune disease genetics consortium (MADGC) collection: the PTPN22 620W allele associates with multiple autoimmune phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;76:561–571
  35. Forbes RB, Wilson SV, Swingler RJ. The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Tayside, Scotland: do latitudinal gradients really exist?. J Neurol. 1999;246:1033–1040

 Funding: The study was supported by the Wellcome Trust. The study sponsor had no role in the study design; the collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; the writing of the report; or the decision to submit the paper for publication.

 Ethical Approval: The study was approved by a Multi Center Research Ethics Committee and corresponding Local Ethics Research Committees.

 Conflict of Interest: None of the authors have any conflicts of interest associated with the work presented in this manuscript.

 Authorship: All authors had access to the data and played a role in writing this manuscript. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for submission for publication.

PII: S0002-9343(09)00868-7

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.06.030

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 2 , Pages 183.e1-183.e9 , February 2010