The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 1 , Pages 47-53 , January 2010

Recurrent Community-acquired Pneumonia in Patients Starting Acid-suppressing Drugs

  • Dean T. Eurich, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Dean T. Eurich, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 13-103 Clinical Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
  • ,
  • Cheryl A. Sadowski, PharmD

      Affiliations

    • Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • ,
  • Scot H. Simpson, PharmD

      Affiliations

    • Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • ,
  • Thomas J. Marrie, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • ,
  • Sumit R. Majumdar, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
    • Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

References 

  1. Marrie TJ. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Semin Respir Infect. 1990;5:260–268
  2. Fry AM, Shay DK, Holman RC, et al. Trends in hospitalizations for pneumonia among persons aged 65 years or older in the United States, 1988-2002. JAMA. 2005;294:2712–2719
  3. Jokinen C, Heiskanen L, Juvonen H, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in the population of four municipalities in eastern Finland. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137:977–988
  4. Laheij RJ, Sturkenboom MC, Hassing RJ, et al. Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA. 2004;292:1955–1960
  5. Gulmez SE, Holm A, Frederiksen H, et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:950–955
  6. Sarkar M, Hennessy S, Yang YX. Proton-pump inhibitor use and the risk for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:391–398
  7. Myles PR, Hubbard RB, McKeever TM, et al. Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and the use of statins, ace inhibitors and gastric acid suppressants: a population-based case-control study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18:269–275
  8. Majumdar SR, Soumerai SB, Farraye FA, et al. Chronic acid-related disorders are common and underinvestigated. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2409–2414
  9. Lowe DO, Mamdani MM, Kopp A, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and hospitalization for Clostridium difficile-associated disease: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1272–1276
  10. Bowton DL, Scuderi PE, Haponik EF. The incidence and effect on outcome of hypoxemia in hospitalized medical patients. Am J Med. 1994;97:38–46
  11. Mowat C, Williams C, Gillen D, et al. Omeprazole, Helicobacter pylori status, and alterations in the intragastric milieu facilitating bacterial N-nitrosation. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:339–347
  12. Meuwissen SG, Craanen ME, Kuipers EJ. Gastric mucosal morphological consequences of acid suppression: a balanced view. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;15:497–510
  13. Sanduleanu S, Jonkers D, De Bruine A, et al. Non-Helicobacter pylori bacterial flora during acid-suppressive therapy: differential findings in gastric juice and gastric mucosa. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:379–388
  14. Howden CW, Hunt RH. Relationship between gastric secretion and infection. Gut. 1987;28:96–107
  15. Eurich DT, Marrie TJ, Johnstone J, Majumdar SR. Mortality reduction with influenza vaccine in patients with pneumonia outside “flu” season: pleiotropic benefits or residual confounding?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178:527–533
  16. Basi SK, Marrie TJ, Huang JQ, Majumdar SR. Patients admitted to hospital with suspected pneumonia and normal chest radiographs: epidemiology, microbiology, and outcomes. Am J Med. 2004;117:305–311
  17. Sin DD, Man SF, Marrie TJ. Arterial carbon dioxide tension on admission as a marker of in-hospital mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med. 2005;118:145–150
  18. Majumdar SR, McAlister FA, Eurich DT, et al. Statins and outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia: population based prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2006;333:999
  19. Marrie TJ, Wu L. Factors influencing in-hospital mortality in community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective study of patients not initially admitted to the ICU. Chest. 2005;127:1260–1270
  20. Johnstone J, Marrie TJ, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR. Effect of pneumococcal vaccination in hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1938–1943
  21. Johnstone J, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, et al. Long-term morbidity and mortality after hospitalization with community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2008;87:329–334
  22. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:243–250
  23. Skull SA, Andrews RM, Byrnes GB, et al. ICD-10 codes are a valid tool for identification of pneumonia in hospitalized patients aged ≥65 years. Epidemiol Infect. 2008;136:232–240
  24. Aronsky D, Haug PJ, Lagor C, Dean NC. Accuracy of administrative data for identifying patients with pneumonia. Am J Med Qual. 2005;20:319–328
  25. Fine MJ, Singer DE, Hanusa BH, et al. Validation of a pneumonia prognostic index using the MedisGroups Comparative Hospital Database. Am J Med. 1993;94:153–159
  26. Kaplan V, Clermont G, Griffin MF, et al. Pneumonia: still the old man's friend?. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:317–323
  27. Koivula I, Sten M, Makela PH. Prognosis after community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a population-based 12-year follow-up study. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1550–1555
  28. Lubin JH, Gail MH. Biased selection of controls for case-control analyses of cohort studies. Biometrics. 1984;40:63–75
  29. Essebag V, Platt RW, Abrahamowicz M, Pilote L. Comparison of nested case-control and survival analysis methodologies for analysis of time-dependent exposure. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005;5:5
  30. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika. 1983;70:41–55
  31. McQuaid KR, Laine L. Early heartburn relief with proton pump inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:553–563
  32. Howden CW. Review article: immediate-release proton-pump inhibitor therapy—potential advantages. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(Suppl 3):25–30
  33. Huang JQ, Goldwater DR, Thomson AB, et al. Acid suppression in healthy subjects following lansoprazole or pantoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:425–433
  34. Bell NJ, Hunt RH. Time to maximum effect of lansoprazole on gastric pH in normal male volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996;10:897–904
  35. Ohning GV, Barbuti RC, Kovacs TO, et al. Rabeprazole produces rapid, potent, and long-acting inhibition of gastric acid secretion in subjects with Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14:701–708
  36. Pantoflickova D, Dorta G, Ravic M, et al. Acid inhibition on the first day of dosing: comparison of four proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:1507–1514

 Funding: An establishment grant from the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research; grants-in-aid from Capital Health; and unrestricted grants from Abbott Canada, Pfizer Canada, and Janssen-Ortho Canada (all to TJM). DTE and SRM receive salary support awards from the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research, and DTE and SHS receive salary support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

 Conflict of Interest: All authors have no association that might pose a conflict of interest (eg, pharmaceutical stock ownership, consultancy, advisory board membership, relevant patents, or research funding).

 Authorship: As authors we have all participated in the conduct of the analysis and writing of this manuscript, and all authors have met the criteria for authorship.

PII: S0002-9343(09)00863-8

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.032

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 1 , Pages 47-53 , January 2010