The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 1 , Pages 60-65 , January 2010

Statins Decrease the Occurrence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer

References 

  1. Trousseau A. Phlegmasia alba dolens. Clin Med Hotel Dieu de Paris. 1865;3:94–96
  2. Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:809–815
  3. Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, et al. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:585–593
  4. Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E, et al. Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:632–643
  5. Ray JG. Why might statins prevent venous thromboembolism: what needs to be done to know more?. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2002;11:1659–1668
  6. Sattar N, Petrie JR, Jaap AJ. The atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Atherosclerosis. 1998;138:229–235
  7. Pathansali R, Smith N, Bath P. Altered megakaryocyte-platelet haemostatic axis in hypercholesterolemia. Platelets. 2001;12:292–297
  8. Miller GJ. Lipoproteins and the hemostatic system in atherothrombotic disorders. Bailliere's Best Pract Res Clin Hematol. 1999;12:555–575
  9. Kawasaki T, Kambayashi J, Ariyoshi H, et al. Hypercholesterolemia as a risk factor for deep-vein thrombosis. Thromb Res. 1997;88:67–73
  10. Nowak-Gottl U, Junker R, Hartmeier M, et al. Increased lipoprotein(a) is an important risk factor for venous thromboembolism in childhood. Circulation. 1999;100:743–748
  11. Von depka M, Nowak-Gottl U, Eisert R, et al. Increased lipoprotein(a) levels as an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Blood. 2000;96:3364–3368
  12. Maron DJ, Fazio S, Linton MF. Current perspectives on statins. Circulation. 2000;101:207–213
  13. Ray JG, Rosendaal F. Role of dyslipidemia and statins in venous thromboembolism. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2001;2:165–170
  14. Kearney D, Fitzgerald D. The anti-thrombotic effects of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1305–1307
  15. Devaraj S, Chan E, Jialal I, et al. Direct demonstration of anti-inflammatory effect of simvastatin in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4489–4496
  16. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-Reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195–2207
  17. Glynn RJ, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1851–1861
  18. Ray JG, Mamdani M, Tsuyuki RT, et al. Use of statins and the subsequent development of deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1405–1410
  19. Grady D, Wenger NK, Herrington D, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease (The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study). Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:689–696
  20. Caine GJ, Stonelake PS, Lip GY, et al. The hypercoagulable state of malignancy: pathogenesis and current debate. Neoplasia. 2002;4:465–473
  21. Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E, et al. Frequency, risk factors, and trends for venous thromboembolism among hospitalized cancer patients. Cancer. 2007;110:2339–2346
  22. Lee AY. Epidemiology and management of venous thromboembolism in patient with cancer. Thromb Res. 2003;110:167–172
  23. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71–86
  24. Glynn RJ, Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Effect of low-dose aspirin on the occurrence of venous thromboembolism: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:525–533
  25. Rezaie-Majd A, Maca T, Bucek RA, et al. Simvastatin reduces expression of cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in circulating monocytes from hypercholesterolemic patients. Atherioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:1194–1199
  26. Giurgea AG, Margeta C, Maca T, et al. Simvastatin reduces serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor in hypercholesterolemic patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006;47:30–36
  27. Eichinger S, Pecheniuk NM, Hron G, et al. High-density lipoprotein and the risk of recurrence venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 2007;115:1609–1614
  28. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Szrek M, et al. Relation of characteristics of metabolic syndrome to short-term prognosis and effects of intensive statin therapy after acute coronary syndrome: an analysis of the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) trial. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2508–2513
  29. Linkins LA, Choi PT, Douketis JD. Clinical impact of bleeding in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:893–900
  30. Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Falanga A, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline: recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5490–5505

 Funding: None.

 Conflict of Interest: None of the authors have any conflicts of interest associated with the work presented in this manuscript.

 Authorship: All authors had access to the data and played a role in writing this manuscript.

PII: S0002-9343(09)00706-2

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.025

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 123, Issue 1 , Pages 60-65 , January 2010