The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 122, Issue 9 , Pages 803-810 , September 2009

Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in Clinical Practice: A Review

  • Salman Mallick, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Charity Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
  • ,
  • Radhika Kanthety, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
  • ,
  • Mahboob Rahman, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
    • Renal Section, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Mahboob Rahman, MD, MS, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106

References 

  1. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–1252
  2. Pickering TG, Miller NH, Ogedegbe G, et al. Call to action on use and reimbursement for home blood pressure monitoring: executive summary: a joint scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American Society of Hypertension, and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. Hypertension. 2008;52:1–9
  3. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1011–1053
  4. Padwal RS, Hemmelgarn BR, McAlister FA, et al. The 2007 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part 1—blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk. Can J Cardiol. 2007;23:529–538
  5. Japanese Society of Hypertension. Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2004). Hypertens Res. 2006;29(Suppl):S1–S105
  6. British Hypertension Society guidelines (BHS-IV). J Fam Pract. 2004;53:528–550
  7. Little P, Barnett J, Barnsley L, et al. Comparison of acceptability of and preferences for different methods of measuring blood pressure in primary care. BMJ. 2002;325:258–259
  8. Mejia A, Julius S. Practical utility of blood pressure readings obtained by self-determination. J Hypertens Suppl. 1989;7:S53–S57
  9. Pickering T. Recommendations for the use of home (self) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (American Society of Hypertension Ad Hoc Panel). Am J Hypertens. 1996;9:1–11
  10. Mengden T, Battig B, Vetter W. Self-measurement of blood pressure improves the accuracy and reduces the number of subjects in clinical trials. J Hypertens Suppl. 1991;9:S336–S337
  11. Appel LJ, Stason WB. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and blood pressure self-measurement in the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:867–882
  12. James GD, Pickering TG, Yee LS, et al. The reproducibility of average ambulatory, home, and clinic pressures. Hypertension. 1988;11:545–549
  13. Sakuma M, Imai Y, Nagai K, et al. Reproducibility of home blood pressure measurements over a 1-year period. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:798–803
  14. Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, et al. Practical aspect of monitoring hypertension based on self-measured blood pressure at home. Intern Med. 2004;43:771–778
  15. dabl Educational Trust. Sphygmomanometers for clinical use. http://www.dableducational.org/sphygmomanometers/devices_1_clinical.html#ClinTableAccessed January 2, 2009
  16. Verberk WJ, Kroon AA, Kessels AG, et al. Home blood pressure measurement: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:743–751
  17. American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family doctor (Monitoring your blood pressure at home). Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:261
  18. Myers MG. Reporting bias in self-measurement of blood pressure. Blood Press Monit. 2001;6:181–183
  19. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572
  20. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. White-coat hypertension. Lancet. 1996;348:1444–1445
  21. Niiranen TJ, Jula AM, Kantola IM, et al. Home-measured blood pressure is more strongly associated with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy than is clinic blood pressure: the Finn-HOME study. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21(10):788–794
  22. Ibrahim MM, Tarazi RC, Dustan HP, et al. Electrocardiogram in evaluation of resistance to antihypertensive therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1977;137:1125–1129
  23. Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N, et al. Cardiovascular prognosis of “masked hypertension” detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients. JAMA. 2004;291:1342–1349
  24. Kleinert HD, Harshfield GA, Pickering TG, et al. What is the value of home blood pressure measurement in patients with mild hypertension?. Hypertension. 1984;6:574–578
  25. Shimbo D, Pickering TG, Spruill TM, et al. Relative utility of home, ambulatory, and office blood pressures in the prediction of end-organ damage. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:476–482
  26. Stergiou GS, Argyraki KK, Moyssakis I, et al. Home blood pressure is as reliable as ambulatory blood pressure in predicting target-organ damage in hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:616–621
  27. Fagard RH, Van Den Broeke C, De Cort P. Prognostic significance of blood pressure measured in the office, at home and during ambulatory monitoring in older patients in general practice. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19:801–807
  28. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, et al. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens. 1998;16:971–975
  29. Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressures compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation. 2005;111:1777–1783
  30. Agarwal R, Andersen MJ. Prognostic importance of clinic and home blood pressure recordings in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2006;69:406–411
  31. Stergiou GS, Baibas NM, Kalogeropoulos PG. Cardiovascular risk prediction based on home blood pressure measurement: the Didima study. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1590–1596
  32. Bosworth HB, Olsen MK, Dudley T, et al. The Take Control of Your Blood pressure (TCYB) study: study design and methodology. Contemp Clin Trials. 2007;28:33–47
  33. Ewald S, vor dem Esche J, Uen S, et al. Relationship between the frequency of blood pressure self-measurement and blood pressure reduction with antihypertensive therapy: results of the OLMETEL (OLMEsartan TELemonitoring blood pressure) study. Clin Drug Investig. 2006;26:439–446
  34. Gerin W, Tobin JN, Schwartz JE, et al. The medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control (ABC) trial: a multi-site randomized controlled trial in a hypertensive, multi-cultural, economically disadvantaged population. Contemp Clin Trials. 2007;28:459–471
  35. McManus RJ, Mant J, Roalfe A, et al. Targets and self monitoring in hypertension: randomised controlled trial and cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ. 2005;331:493
  36. Cappuccio FP, Kerry SM, Forbes L, et al. Blood pressure control by home monitoring: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2004;329:145
  37. Staessen JA, Den Hond E, Celis H, et al. Antihypertensive treatment based on blood pressure measurement at home or in the physician's office: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:955–964
  38. Chatellier G, Dutrey-Dupagne C, Vaur L, et al. Home self blood pressure measurement in general practice. The SMART study (Self-measurement for the Assessment of the Response to Trandolapril). Am J Hypertens. 1996;9(7):644–652
  39. Kamoi K, Miyakoshi M, Soda S, et al. Usefulness of home blood pressure measurement in the morning in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:2218–2223
  40. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555–576
  41. Hosohata K, Saito S, Asayama K, et al. Progress report on The Hypertension Objective Treatment Based on Measurement by Electrical Devices of Blood Pressure (HOMED-BP) study: status at February 2004. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2007;29:69–81
  42. Mancia G, Bertinieri G, Grassi G, et al. Effects of blood-pressure measurement by the doctor on patient's blood pressure and heart rate. Lancet. 1983;2:695–698
  43. Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, White WB, et al. Properly defining white coat hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2002;23:106–109
  44. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. White coat hypertension and white coat effect (Similarities and differences). Am J Hypertens. 1995;8:790–798
  45. Ugajin T, Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, et al. White-coat hypertension as a risk factor for the development of home hypertension: the Ohasama study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(13):1541–1546
  46. Puato M, Palatini P, Zanardo M, et al. Increase in carotid intima-media thickness in grade I hypertensive subjects: white-coat versus sustained hypertension. Hypertension. 2008;51:1300–1305
  47. Cerasola G, Cottone S, Nardi E, et al. White-coat hypertension and cardiovascular risk. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1995;2:545–549
  48. Ben Dov IZ, Kark JD, Mekler J, et al. The white coat phenomenon is benign in referred treated patients: a 14-year ambulatory blood pressure mortality study. J Hypertens. 2008;26:699–705
  49. Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Metoki H, et al. Prognosis of “masked” hypertension and “white-coat” hypertension detected by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring 10-year follow-up from the Ohasama study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:508–515
  50. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Gattobigio R, et al. The clinical significance of white-coat and masked hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2007;12:387–389
  51. Mancia G, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, et al. Long-term risk of mortality associated with selective and combined elevation in office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension. 2006;47(5):846–853
  52. O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, et al. Practice guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for clinic, ambulatory and self blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2005;23:697–701
  53. Liu JE, Roman MJ, Pini R, et al. Cardiac and arterial target organ damage in adults with elevated ambulatory and normal office blood pressure. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:564–572
  54. Stergiou GS, Salgami EV, Tzamouranis DG, et al. Masked hypertension assessed by ambulatory blood pressure versus home blood pressure monitoring: is it the same phenomenon?. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:772–778
  55. Ishikawa J, Kario K, Eguchi K, et al. Regular alcohol drinking is a determinant of masked morning hypertension detected by home blood pressure monitoring in medicated hypertensive patients with well-controlled clinic blood pressure: the Jichi Morning Hypertension Research (J-MORE) study. Hypertens Res. 2006;29:679–686
  56. Lurbe E, Torro I, Alvarez V, et al. Prevalence, persistence, and clinical significance of masked hypertension in youth. Hypertension. 2005;45:493–498
  57. Cuspidi C, Meani S, Fusi V, et al. Isolated ambulatory hypertension and changes in target organ damage in treated hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19:471–477
  58. Sakaguchi K, Horimatsu T, Kishi M, et al. Isolated home hypertension in the morning is associated with target organ damage in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2005;12:225–231
  59. Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Eguchi K, et al. Masked nocturnal hypertension and target organ damage in hypertensives with well-controlled self-measured home blood pressure. Hypertens Res. 2007;30:143–149
  60. Bjorklund K, Lind L, Zethelius B, et al. Isolated ambulatory hypertension predicts cardiovascular morbidity in elderly men. Circulation. 2003;107:1297–1302
  61. Hansen TW, Jeppesen J, Rasmussen S, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and risk of cardiovascular disease: a population based study. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19:243–250
  62. Statistics and Information Department, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Survey on Long-term Care Service Fees 2002. Tokyo, Japan: Health and Welfare Statistics Association; 2004;
  63. Funahashi J, Ohkubo T, Fukunaga H, et al. The economic impact of the introduction of home blood pressure measurement for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2006;11:257–267

 Funding: None.

 Conflict of Interest: None of the authors has a conflict of interest with this manuscript.

 Authorship: We verify that all authors had access to the data and a role in writing the manuscript.

PII: S0002-9343(09)00410-0

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.02.028

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 122, Issue 9 , Pages 803-810 , September 2009