The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 122, Issue 9 , Pages 874.e1-874.e7 , September 2009

White Blood Cell Count Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Suspected Peripheral Arterial Disease

  • Faisal A. Arain, MD

      Affiliations

    • The Gonda Vascular Center and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Faisal A. Arain, MD, Vascular Medicine Fellow, Gonda Vascular Center and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
  • ,
  • Mahyar Khaleghi, MD

      Affiliations

    • The Gonda Vascular Center and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
  • ,
  • Kent R. Bailey, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
  • ,
  • Brian D. Lahr, MS

      Affiliations

    • Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
  • ,
  • Thom W. Rooke, MD

      Affiliations

    • The Gonda Vascular Center and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
  • ,
  • Iftikhar J. Kullo, MD

      Affiliations

    • The Gonda Vascular Center and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn

References 

  1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2007;115:e69–e171
  2. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:381–386
  3. Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PWF, et al., Investigators RR One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. [see comment] JAMA. 2007;297:1197–1206
  4. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CNB, et al. National Heart LaBI, American College of Cardiology F, American Heart A Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. [erratum appears in Circulation. 2004 Aug 10;110(6):763] Circulation. 2004;110:227–239
  5. Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature. 2002;420:868–874
  6. Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. [see comment] JAMA. 2001;285:2481–2485
  7. Wildman RP, Muntner P, Chen J, et al. Relation of inflammation to peripheral arterial disease in the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2002. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:1579–1583
  8. Garza CA, Montori VM, McConnell JP, et al. Association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. [see comment] Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:159–165
  9. Rossi E, Biasucci LM, Citterio F, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and angina in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease: predictive role of C-reactive protein. Circulation. 2002;105:800–803
  10. Haim M, Boyko V, Goldbourt U, et al. Predictive value of elevated white blood cell count in patients with preexisting coronary heart disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:433–439
  11. Grau AJ, Boddy AW, Dukovic DA, et al., for the CI Leukocyte Count as an Independent Predictor of Recurrent Ischemic Events. Stroke. 2004;35:1147–1152
  12. Haumer M, Amighi J, Exner M, et al. Association of neutrophils and future cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41:610–617
  13. Vidula H, Tian L, Liu K, et al. Biomarkers of inflammation and thrombosis as predictors of near-term mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:85–93
  14. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. [see comment] JAMA. 2001;286:1317–1324
  15. Santos S, Rooke TW, Bailey KR, et al. Relation of markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2) to the ankle-brachial index. Vasc Med. 2004;9:171–176
  16. Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, et al. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:251–259
  17. Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, D'Agostino RB, Vasan RS. Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. [see comment] Stat Med. 2008;27:157–172discussion 207-112
  18. Kim WR, Biggins SW, Kremers WK, et al. Hyponatremia and mortality among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1018–1026
  19. Khawaja FJ, Bailey KR, Turner ST, et al. Association of novel risk factors with the ankle brachial index in African American and non-Hispanic white populations. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:709–716
  20. Nasir K, Guallar E, Navas-Acien A, et al. Relationship of monocyte count and peripheral arterial disease: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1966–1971
  21. Vainas T, Stassen FRM, de Graaf R, et al. C-reactive protein in peripheral arterial disease: relation to severity of the disease and to future cardiovascular events. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42:243–251
  22. Coller BS. Leukocytosis and ischemic vascular disease morbidity and mortality: is it time to intervene?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:658–670
  23. Madjid M, Awan I, Willerson JT, Casscells SW. Leukocyte count and coronary heart disease: Implications for risk assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1945–1956
  24. Wilson AM, Ryan MC, Boyle AJ. The novel role of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease: risk marker or pathogen. Int J Cardiol. 2006;106:291–297
  25. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. [see comment] Circulation. 2002;105:1135–1143
  26. Beckman JA, Preis O, Ridker PM, Gerhard-Herman M. Comparison of usefulness of inflammatory markers in patients with versus without peripheral arterial disease in predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes (myocardial infarction, stroke, and death). Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:1374–1378
  27. Allison MA, Denenberg JO, Nelson JJ, et al. The association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and cardiovascular disease and total mortality in vascular medicine patients. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46:500–506
  28. Greenland P, O'Malley PG. When is a new prediction marker useful? (A consideration of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and C-reactive protein for stroke risk). [comment] Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2454–2456

 Funding: Supported by National Institutes of Health grants HL75794 and HL81331. Dr Arain is supported by the National Institutes of Health Vascular Medicine Training Program K12 grant (HL 083797).

 Conflict of Interest: None.

 Authorship: All authors had access to the data and played a role in writing this manuscript.

PII: S0002-9343(09)00331-3

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.02.020

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 122, Issue 9 , Pages 874.e1-874.e7 , September 2009