« Previous
Next »
The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 122, Issue 4,
Supplement 2
, Pages S7-S13
, April 2009
Outcomes After Stroke: Risk of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke and Other Events
References
- Heart disease and stroke statistics—2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2008;117:e25–e146
- . Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 1995;26:14–20
- . Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and stroke: 13,000 strokes in 450,000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Lancet. 1995;346:1647–1653
- . Association of cholesterol with stroke risk varies in stroke subtypes and patient subgroups. Neurology. 2004;63:1868–1876
- Mortality and causes of death after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Neurology. 2001;57:2000–2005
- Recurrent stroke and cardiac risks after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology. 2006;66:641–646
- Cause-specific mortality after first cerebral infarction: a population-based study. Stroke. 2003;34:1828–1832
- Long-term prognosis after a minor stroke: 10-year mortality and major stroke recurrence rates in a hospital-based cohort. Stroke. 1998;29:126–132
- . Time trends in long-term survival after stroke: the Northern Sweden Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) study, 1985-1994. Stroke. 1998;29:1358–1365
- . Long-term survival and causes of death after stroke. Stroke. 2001;32:2131–2136
- Five-year survival after first-ever stroke and related prognostic factors in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke. 2000;31:2080–2086
- Characterization of risk factors for vascular dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurology. 1999;53:337–343
- Clinical determinants of dementia related to stroke. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:568–575
- Cause of stroke recurrence is multifactorial: patterns, risk factors, and outcomes of stroke recurrence in the South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2003;34:1457–1463
- . Long-term outcome after ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16(suppl 1):14–19
- A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1444–1451
- Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1305–1316
- . Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:445–453
- . A multifactorial analysis of risk factors for recurrence of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1994;25:958–962
- European Stroke Prevention Study 2 (Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke). J Neurol Sci. 1996;143:1–13
- . A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329–1339
- Occurrence of secondary ischemic events among persons with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Stroke. 2002;33:901–906
- . Risk factor thresholds: their existence under scrutiny. BMJ. 2002;324:1570–1576
- Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990;335:765–774
- The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572
- . The Strategy of Preventive Medicine. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1992;
- . Rationale, design and baseline data of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing two antithrombotic regimens (a fixed-dose combination of extended-release dipyridamole plus ASA with clopidogrel) and telmisartan versus placebo in patients with strokes: the Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes Trial (PRoFESS). Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23:368–380
- Coronary risk evaluation in patients with transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Circulation. 2003;108:1278–1290
- . The association of stroke and coronary heart disease: a population study. Mayo Clin Proc. 1987;62:1077–1083
- . Risk of recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction and epilepsy during long-term follow-up after stroke. Eur Neurol. 1988;28:227–231
- Risk of myocardial infarction or vascular death after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study. Stroke. 2007;38:1752–1758
- . Survival and recurrence after first cerebral infarction: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1975-1989. Neurology. 1998;50:208–216
- Randomized trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for the prevention of stroke in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:501–507
- . Comparison of ticlopidine and aspirin for the prevention of stroke. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:400
- Comparison of triflusal and aspirin for prevention of vascular events in patients after cerebral infarction: the TACIP Study—a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial. Stroke. 2003;34:840–848
- . Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood pressure lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet. 2001;358:1033–1041
- . European Stroke Prevention Study 2: efficacy and safety data. 6. Secondary endpoints. J Neurol Sci. 1997;151:527–537
- . MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7–22
- . Long-term prognosis of first-ever lacunar strokes: a hospital-based study. Stroke. 1996;27:661–666
- Aspirin and ticlopidine for prevention of recurrent stroke in black patients: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2947–2957
- . Presumed pathogenetic mechanisms of recurrent stroke after lacunar infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1996;6:128–136
- . Intellectual impairment and cerebral lesions in multiple cerebral infarcts: a clinical-computed tomography study. Stroke. 1988;19:560–565
- . Leukoaraiosis in relation to prognosis for patients with lacunar infarction. Stroke. 1992;23:1434–1438
- “AICLA” controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridamole in the secondary prevention of athero-thrombotic cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1983;14:5–14
- . Effect of a clinical stroke on the risk of dementia in a prospective cohort. Neurology. 2006;67:1363–1369
- . Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1215–1222
- Stroke symptoms in individuals reporting no prior stroke or transient ischemic attack are associated with a decrease in indices of mental and physical functioning. Stroke. 2007;38:2446–2452
- . Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiologic perspective. Neurobiol Aging. 2000;21:153–160
- . Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: the Nun Study. JAMA. 1997;277:813–817
- . Atherosclerosis and AD: analysis of data from the US National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. Neurology. 2005;64:494–500
- . Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2005;65:545–551
- . Frequency of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke. 2005;36:1330–1340
- . Mood disorders in the year after first stroke. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;158:83–92
- . Intellectual decline after stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1998;29:805–812
- . Effect of experimental cerebral infarction in rat brain on catecholamines and behaviour. Nature. 1975;255:332–334
- . Lesion location and poststroke depression: systematic review of the methodological limitations in the literature. Stroke. 2004;35:794–802
- . Predictors of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke. 2005;36:2296–2301
- Escitalopram and problem-solving therapy for prevention of poststroke depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:2391–2400
- . Management of depression after stroke: a systematic review of pharmacological therapies. Stroke. 2005;36:1098–1103
- . Deep vein thrombosis: prevention in stroke patients during rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76:324–330
- . Deep vein thrombosis of the leg after stroke: part I—incidence and predisposing factors. BMJ. 1976;1:1178–1181
- . Deep venous thrombosis of the legs after strokes: part II—natural history. BMJ. 1976;1:1181–1183
- The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL study): an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet. 2007;369:1347–1355
- . Pulmonary embolism in stroke: prevention by early heparinization of venous thrombosis detected by iodine-125 fibrinogen leg scans. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1980;61:584–587
- . Relative risk of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism post-stroke based on ambulatory status. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 1988;2:51–57
- . Short-term prognosis after emergency department diagnosis of TIA. JAMA. 2000;284:2901–2906
- Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
- Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227–239
- . Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations. Circulation. 1999;100:1481–1492
- . Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383–1389
- Reduction of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction with pravastatin: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) study. Circulation. 1999;99:216–223
- Reduction of stroke events with pravastatin: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project. Circulation. 2001;103:387–392
- . Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20,536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet. 2004;363:757–767
- Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. Circulation. 2000;102:1893–1900
- European guidelines on cardiovascular disease and prevention in clinical practice. Atherosclerosis. 2003;171:145–155
- High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:549–559
- . FDA announces labeling changes on heart benefit associated with cholesterol drug Zocor. [FDA Website.] FDA Talk Paper T03-27. April 16, 2003 www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01213.htmlAccessed August 20, 2007
- . Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:145–153
- Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:2217–2225
Statement of author disclosure: Please see the Author Disclosures section at the end of this article.
PII: S0002-9343(09)00139-9
doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.02.005
© 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 122, Issue 4,
Supplement 2
, Pages S7-S13
, April 2009

