The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 122, Issue 1 , Pages 73-78 , January 2009

Relationship of Ethnic Origin, Gender, and Age to Blood Creatine Kinase Levels

  • Ryan C. Neal, MD

      Affiliations

    • Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Ryan C. Neal, MD, Diagnostic Clinic of Houston, 1200 Binz Street, Suite 700, Houston, TX 77030
    • ,
  • Keith C. Ferdinand, MD

      Affiliations

    • Association of Black Cardiologists, Inc, Atlanta, Ga
    • ,
  • Joseph Yčas, PhD

      Affiliations

    • AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, Del
    • ,
  • Elinor Miller, MD

      Affiliations

    • AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, Del

References 

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  3. US Census Bureau, 2004. U.S. interim projections by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/Accessed November 24, 2008
  4. Meltzer HY, Holy PA. Black-white differences in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity. Clin Chim Acta. 1974;54:215–224
  5. Wong ET, Cobb C, Umehara MK, et al. Heterogeneity of serum creatine kinase activity among racial and gender groups of the population. Am J Clin Pathol. 1983;79:582–586
  6. Gledhill RF, van Niekerk MM, van der Merwe CA. Racial differences in serum creatine kinase levels. Am J Med. 1987;83:365–366
  7. Nevins MA, Saran M, Bright M, Lyon LJ. Pitfalls in interpreting serum creatine phosphokinase activity. JAMA. 1973;224:1382–1387
  8. Garcia W. Elevated creatine phosphokinase levels: association with large muscle mass (Another pitfall in evaluating clinical significance of total serum CPK activity). JAMA. 1974;228:1395–1396
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  10. Ferdinand KC, Clark LT, Watson KE, et al. ARIES Study Group (Comparison of efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in African-American patients in a six-week trial). Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:229–235
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  12. Lloret R, Yčas J, Stein M, Haffner S STARSHIP Study Group. Comparison of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in Hispanic-Americans with hypercholesterolemia (from the STARSHIP trial). Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:768–773
  13. Insull W, Ghali JK, Hassman DR, et al. SOLAR Study Group Achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals in high-risk patients in managed care: comparison of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, and simvastatin in the SOLAR trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82:543–550
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  15. Brewster LM, Mairuhu G, Sturk A, van Montfrans GA. Distribution of creatine kinase in the general population: implications for statin therapy. Am Heart J. 2007;154:655–661
  16. Brewster LM, Clark JF, van Montfrans GA. Is greater tissue activity of creatine kinase the genetic factor increasing hypertension risk in black people of sub-Saharan African descent?. J Hypertens. 2000;18:1537–1544
  17. Brewster LM, Mairuhu G, Bindraban NR, et al. Creatine kinase activity is associated with blood pressure. Circulation. 2006;114:2034–2039
  18. Chan J, Hui RL, Levin E. Differential association between statin exposure and elevated levels of creatine kinase. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39:1611–1616
  19. Apple FS, Quist HE, Doyle PJ, et al. Plasma 99th percentile reference limits for cardiac troponin and creatine kinase MB mass for use with European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology consensus recommendations. Clin Chem. 2003;49:1331–1336
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  22. Sniderman AD. Is there value in liver function test and creatine phosphokinase monitoring with statin use?. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(suppl 9A):30F–34F

 Funding: The ARIES, IRIS, SOLAR, and STARSHIP studies, as well as this analysis of pooled screening data, were funded by AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, Delaware.

 Conflict of Interest: Dr Neal is an active member of the Speakers' Bureau and consultant for AstraZeneca, with honoraria exceeding $50,000. Dr Ferdinand is an AstraZeneca consultant and member of the Speakers' Bureau, with honoraria totaling $50,000 for the past 3 years. Drs Yčas and Miller are employees of AstraZeneca.

 Authorship: All authors had full access to the data and played a role in writing this article.

PII: S0002-9343(08)01066-8

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.08.033

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 122, Issue 1 , Pages 73-78 , January 2009

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