« Previous
Next »
The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 122, Issue 1
, Pages 42-52.e2
, January 2009
The Cost-effectiveness of Hormone Therapy in Younger and Older Postmenopausal Women
References
- Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study. Circulation. 1987;75(6):1102–1109
- A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(12):933–941
- Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321–333
- . Postmenopausal hormones—therapy for symptoms only. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(19):1835–1837
- . Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy for primary prevention of chronic conditions: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(10):834–839
- . Promotion and prescribing of hormone therapy after report of harm by the Women's Health Initiative. JAMA. 2004;292(16):1983–1988
- Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(7):791–804
- . Brief report: coronary heart disease events associated with hormone therapy in younger and older women (A meta-analysis). J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(4):363–366
- . Markov models in medical decision making: a practical guide. Med Decis Making. 1993;13(4):322–338
- . Decision analysis and economic modelling: a primer. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16(6):535–542
- . Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent stroke: a meta-analysis. BMJ. 2005;330(7487):342
- Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1701–1712
- Estrogen plus prostestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(6):523–534
- Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. JAMA. 2002;288(7):872–881
- Direct medical costs of coronary artery disease in the United States. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(9):1110–1115
- . Total first-year costs of acute coronary syndrome in a managed care setting. J Manag Care Pharm. 2005;11(4):300–306
- Overview of costs of stroke from published, incidence-based studies spanning 16 industrialized countries. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(1):19–26
- Lifetime cost of ischemic stroke in Germany: results and national projections from a population-based stroke registry: the Erlangen Stroke Project. Stroke. 2006;37(5):1179–1183
- . Cost of stroke in Sweden: an incidence estimate. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2004;20(3):375–380
- Combined analysis of Women's Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment and cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163(7):589–599
- . Postmenopausal hormone use and secondary prevention of coronary events in the nurses' health study (a prospective, observational study). Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(1):1–8
- . Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev Med. 1991;20(1):47–63
- . Myocardial infarction and the use of estrogen and estrogen-progestogen in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(7):501–508
- . Evaluation of the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy. Hong Kong Med J. 2000;6(4):381–389
- Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD004143
- Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women (Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group). JAMA. 1998;280(7):605–613
- Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(25):2591–2602
- Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA. 2007;297(13):1465–1477
- . Evaluating health utility in patients with melanoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, and lung cancer: a nationwide, population-based assessment. J Surg Res. 2003;114:1–5
- Estimating the cost of cancer: Results on the basis of claims data analyses for cancer patients diagnosed with seven types of cancer during 1999 to 2000. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(17):3524–3530
- . Stage, age, comorbidity, and direct costs of colon, prostate, and breast cancer care. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:417–426
- . Obtaining long-term disease specific costs of care: application to Medicare enrollees diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Med Care. 1999;37:1249–1259
- . Direct medical costs of venous thromboembolism and subsequent hospital readmission rates: an administrative claims analysis from 30 managed care organizations. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007;13(6):475–486
- . Colorectal cancer. BMJ. 2007;335:715–718
- Hormone replacement therapy and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(36):5680–5685
- . Hip fracture prevention: cost-effective strategies. Pharmacoeconomics. 2001;19(5 Pt 1):449–468
- Short-term menopausal hormone therapy for symptom relief: an updated decision model. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(15):1634–1640
- . Decision analysis of hormone replacement therapy after the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(5):1228–1233
- Cost-effectiveness of raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: impact of breast cancer risk. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98(6):996–1003
- Prospective 10-year study of the determinants of bone density and bone loss in normal postmenopausal women, including the effect of hormone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;56(6):703–711
- . Estimating hip fracture morbidity, mortality and costs. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(3):364–370
- . Osteoporosis is markedly underdiagnosed: a nationwide study from Denmark. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(2):134–141
- Age- and gender-specific rate of fractures in Australia: a population-based study. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(3):240–247
- . Incidence and cost of osteoporotic fractures in France during 2001 (A methodological approach by the national hospital database). Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(12):1475–1480
- The impact of incident vertebral and non-vertebral fragility fractures on health-related quality of life in established postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the teriparatide randomized, placebo-controlled trial in postmenopausal women. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(7):1579–1583
- . Adjusted mortality after hip fracture: from the cardiovascular health study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(12):1885–1891
- Survival after hip fracture: short- and long-term excess mortality according to age and gender. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(1):73–78
- Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on risk of fractures and BMD in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: results from the women's health initiative randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(6):817–828
- Direct medical costs attributable to osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(4):323–330
- . Fracture reducing potential of hormone replacement therapy on a population level. Maturitas. 2006;54(3):285–293
- Hormonal replacement therapy reduces forearm fracture incidence in recent postmenopausal women—results of the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study. Maturitas. 2000;36(3):181–193
- The influence of osteoporotic fractures on health-related quality of life in community-dwelling men and women across Canada. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(11):903–908
- . A systematic review of health state utility values for osteoporosis-related conditions. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(10):768–776
- Trends in breast cancer by race and ethnicity: update 2006. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56(3):168–183
- Economic burden of osteoporosis, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease among postmenopausal women in an employed population. Womens Health Issues. 2005;15(3):97–108
- . Breast cancer management: quality-of-life and cost considerations. Pharmacoeconomics. 2003;21(6):383–396
- . Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 2003;362(9382):419–427
- Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer (Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer). Lancet. 1997;350(9084):1047–1059
- Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA. 2000;283(4):485–491
- Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast carcinoma incidence rate ratios: a prospective Danish cohort study. Cancer. 2004;100(11):2328–2337
- Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 2003;289(24):3254–3263
- Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast cancer. JAMA. 2002;287(6):734–741
- Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use in relation to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(7):593–600
- . Evidence from randomised trials on the long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet. 2002;360(9337):942–944
- . Effect of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk: estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(4):328–332
- . Hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: results from epidemiologic studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168(5):1473–1480
- Patient outcomes after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(4):425–430
- Clinical predictors for fatal pulmonary embolism in 15,520 patients with venous thromboembolism: findings from the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermadad TromboEmbolica venosa Registry. Circulation. 2008;117:1711–1716
- . Acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1037–1052
- . United States life tables, 2003. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2006;(54):1–40
- . Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of fatal colon cancer in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:517–523
- . Deaths: final data for 2004. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2007;55(19):1–119
- . Variations in population health status: results from a United Kingdom national questionnaire survey. BMJ. 1998;316(7133):736–741
- . The impact of hormone replacement therapy on quality of life and willingness to pay. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104(10):1191–1195
- Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after receiving hormone therapy: results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) trial. JAMA. 2002;287(5):591–597
- . Postmenopausal hormone therapy and quality of life. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006;95(3):267–271
- . Quality of life and hormone use: new validation results of MRS scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006;4:32
- . A meta-analysis of the effect of hormone replacement therapy upon depressed mood. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997;22(3):189–212
- . Decade-long use of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy is associated with better health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women, as measured by the generic 15D instrument. J Br Menopause Soc. 2005;11(4):145–151
- . A 10-year follow-up of postmenopausal women on long-term continuous combined hormone replacement therapy: update of safety and quality-of-life findings. J Br Menopause Soc. 2006;12(3):115–125
- The effect of hormone therapy on the health-related quality of life in elderly women. Maturitas. 2007;56(2):122–128
- 2006 Redbook: Pharmacy's Fundamental Reference (Red Book Drug Topics). Montvale, NJ: Thomson PDR; 2006;
- Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA. 2002;288(1):58–66
- . Bureau of Labor Statistics Data. U.S. consumer price index for medical care services for all urban consumers. http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServletAccessed August 11, 2007
- . Evidence synthesis, parameter correlation and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Health Econ. 2006;15(4):373–381
- Hormone replacement therapy in a risk-benefit perspective. Maturitas. 1996;23(2):247–259
- . Estimated gains in life expectancy with use of postmenopausal estrogen therapy: a decision analysis. J Fam Pract. 1993;36(3):271–280
- . A computer model to analyze the cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1999;15(2):352–365
- . Modeling the annual costs of postmenopausal prevention therapy: raloxifene, alendronate, or estrogen-progestin therapy. J Manag Care Pharm. 2003;9(2):150–158
- . Benefits and harms associated with hormone replacement therapy: clinical decision analysis. BMJ. 2004;328(7436):371
- A cost-effectiveness evaluation of two continuous-combined hormone therapies for the management of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms. Menopause. 2004;11(3):343–355
- . Reassessment of the cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy in Sweden: results based on the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2005;21(4):433–441
- . Using the coronary artery calcium score to predict coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(12):1285–1292
- Prognosis after breast cancer diagnosis in women exposed to estrogen and estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;130(2):221–228
- Estrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer survival in a large screening study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(3):264–270
- . Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of fatal breast cancer in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women in the United States. Cancer Causes Control. 1996;7(4):449–457
- The role of hormone replacement therapy in the risk for breast cancer and total mortality in women with a family history of breast cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(11):973–980
- . Cost-effectiveness of continuous combined hormone replacement therapy in long-term use: economic evaluation based on a 9-year study in Finland. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(1):57–64
- Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8(5):538–554
Funding: Funding source was salary support for S. Salpeter and H. Liu from Santa Clara Valley Medical Center and a Cornell Podell Emeriti Award for E. Salpeter. The institutions had no role in the design, conduct, or reporting of the study. No sponsorship from the pharmaceutical industry was provided to conduct this analysis.
Conflict of Interest: Dr. Salpeter consulted with law firms representing Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and was paid on an hourly basis.
PII: S0002-9343(08)00953-4
doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.07.026
© 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 122, Issue 1
, Pages 42-52.e2
, January 2009

