The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 121, Issue 10 , Pages 870-875 , October 2008

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Cardiovascular Mortality by Race and Ethnicity

  • Edward P. Havranek, MD

      Affiliations

    • Denver Health Medical Center, Colo
    • University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Edward P. Havranek, MD, Denver Health Medical Center #0960, 777 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204-4507
    • ,
  • Desiree B. Froshaug, BS

      Affiliations

    • University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine
    • ,
  • Caroline D.B. Emserman, MS

      Affiliations

    • University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine
    • ,
  • Rebecca Hanratty, MD

      Affiliations

    • Denver Health Medical Center, Colo
    • University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine
    • ,
  • Mori J. Krantz, MD

      Affiliations

    • Denver Health Medical Center, Colo
    • University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine
    • ,
  • Frederick A. Masoudi, MD, MSPH

      Affiliations

    • Denver Health Medical Center, Colo
    • University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine
    • ,
  • L. Miriam Dickinson, PhD

      Affiliations

    • University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine
    • ,
  • John F. Steiner, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine

References 

  1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2007;115:e69–e171
  2. Levy D, Garrison R, Savage D, et al. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1561–1566
  3. Brown D, Giles W, Croft J. Left ventricular hypertrophy as a predictor of coronary heart disease mortality and the effect of hypertension. Am Heart J. 2000;140:848–856
  4. East M, Jollis JG, Nelson C, et al. The influence of left ventricular hypertrophy on survival in patients with coronary artery disease: do race and gender matter?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:949–954
  5. Havranek EP, Emsermann C, Bailey D, et al. Thresholds in the relationship between mortality and left ventricular hypertrophy defined by electrocardiography. J Electrocardiol. 2008;41:342–350
  6. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htmAccessed August 15, 2008
  7. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NHANES III Linked Mortality File. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/r&d/nchs_datalinkage/nhanes_data_linkage_activities.htmAccessed August 15, 2008
  8. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Death Index. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ndi.htmAccessed August 15, 2008
  9. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Prognostic value of a new electrocardiographic method for diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:383–390
  10. Levy D, Salomon M, D'Agostino RB, et al. Prognostic implications of baseline electrocardiographic features and their serial changes in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 1994;90:1786–1793
  11. Okin PM, Devereux R, Nieminen MS, et al. Electrocardiographic strain pattern and the prediction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients: the LIFE Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:247A–248A
  12. Denes P, Larson J, Lloyd-Jones D, et al. Major and minor ECG abnormalities in asymptomatic women and risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. JAMA. 2007;297:978–985
  13. Rautaharju P, Manolio T, Siscovick D, et al. Utility of new electrocardiographic models for left ventricular mass in older adults (The Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group). Hypertension. 1996;28:8–15
  14. Rautaharju P, Lacroix A, Savage D, et al. ECG estimate of left ventricular mass versus radiographic cardiac size and the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in the epidemiologic Follow-Up Study of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:59–66
  15. Harper S, Lynch J, Burris S, Davey Smith G. Trends in the black-white life expectancy gap in the United States, 1983-2003. JAMA. 2007;297:1224–1232
  16. Lee D, Marantz P, Devereux R, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy in black and white hypertensives: standard electrocardiographic criteria overstate racial differences in prevalence. JAMA. 1992;267:3294–3299
  17. Chapman J, Mayet J, Chang C, et al. Ethnic differences in the identification of left ventricular hypertrophy in the hypertensive patient. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12:437–442
  18. Arnett D, Rautaharju P, Sutherland S, et al. Validity of electrocardiographic estimates of left ventricular hypertrophy and mass in African Americans (The Charleston Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:1289–1291
  19. Okin PM, Wright JT, Nieminen MS, et al. Ethnic differences in electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: The LIFE Study. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:663–671
  20. Rautaharju P, Zhou S, Calhoun H. Ethnic differences in ECG amplitudes in North American white, black, and Hispanic men and women. J Electrocardiol. 1994;27:20–31
  21. Perez M, Yaw T, Myers J, Froelicher VF. Prognostic value of the computerized ECG in Hispanics. Clin Cardiol. 2007;30:189–194
  22. Rodriguez C, Lin F, Sacco R, et al. Prognostic implications of left ventricular mass among Hispanics: the Northern Manhattan Study. Hypertension. 2006;48:87–92
  23. Drazner M, Dries DL, Peshock R, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy is more prevalent in blacks than whites in the general population: the Dallas Heart Study. Hypertension. 2005;46:124–129
  24. Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:879–884
  25. Ghali J, Liao Y, Cooper R. Influence of left ventricular geometric patterns on prognosis in patients with or without coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1635–1640
  26. Koren M, Devereux R, Casale PN, et al. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:345–352
  27. Kizer J, Arnett D, Bella J, et al. Differences in left ventricular structure between black and white hypertensive adults: the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study. Hypertension. 2004;43:1182–1188
  28. Zabalgoitia M, Ur Rahman S, Haley W, et al. Impact of ethnicity on left ventricular mass and relative wall thickness in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:412–417

 This study was supported by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute grant U01 HL079160 and by Health Resources Service Award Administrative Unit Grant HP00054 5 D12.

PII: S0002-9343(08)00569-X

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.05.034

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 121, Issue 10 , Pages 870-875 , October 2008

Article Tools