The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 121, Issue 7, Supplement 2 , Pages S3-S10 , July 2008

Increasing Influenza Vaccination Rates: The Need to Vaccinate Throughout the Entire Influenza Season

  • Gregory A. Poland, MD

      Affiliations

    • Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Gregory A. Poland, MD, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim Building 611, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.
    • ,
  • David R. Johnson, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Scientific and Medical Affairs, Sanofi Pasteur Inc., Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, USA.

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2007. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56(RR06):1–54
  2. Fiore A. Influenza activity in the United States, February 2007. Presented at the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, February 21, 2007 http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/acip/downloads/mtg-slides-feb07/05-influenza-1-allos_fiore.pdfAccessed December 6, 2007
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Estimates of influenza vaccination target population sizes in 2006 and recent vaccine uptake levels. www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/pdf/targetpopchart.pdfAccessed December 5, 2007
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ACIP provisional recommendations for the prevention and control of influenza. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/provisional/downloads/flu-3-21-08-508.pdfAccessed April 3, 2008
  5. Reichert TA, Sugaya N, Fedson DS, Glezen WP, Simonsen L, Tashiro M. The Japanese experience with vaccinating schoolchildren against influenza. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:889–896
  6. Britton T, Becker NG. Estimating the immunity coverage required to prevent epidemics in a community of households. Biostatistics. 2000;1:389–402
  7. Monto AS, Maassab HF. Use of influenza vaccine in non-high risk populations. Dev Biol Stand. 1977;39:329–335
  8. Treanor JJ. Influenza virus. In:  Mandell GL,  Bennett JE,  Dolin R editor. Mandell, Douglass, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed.. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005;p. 2060–2085
  9. Cox NJ, Subbarao K. Influenza. Lancet. 1999;354:1277–1282
  10. Loughlin J, Poulios N, Napalkov P, et al. A study of influenza and influenza-related complications among children in a large US health insurance plan database. Pharmacoeconomics. 2003;21:273–283
  11. Madjid M, Naghavi M, Litovsky S, Casscells SW. Influenza and cardiovascular disease: a new opportunity for prevention and the need for further studies. Circulation. 2003;108:2730–2736
  12. Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2611–2618
  13. Madjid M, Miller CC, Zarubaev VV, et al. Influenza epidemics and acute respiratory disease activity are associated with a surge in autopsy-confirmed coronary heart disease death: results from 8 years of autopsies in 34,892 subjects. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1205–1210
  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. In:  Atkinson W,  Hamborsky J,  McIntyre L,  Wolfe S editor. 10th ed.. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation; 2007;
  15. Kavet J. A perspective on the significance of pandemic influenza. Am J Public Health. 1977;67:1063–1070
  16. Li S, Leader S. Economic burden and absenteeism from influenza-like illness in healthy households with children (5–17 years) in the US. Respir Med. 2007;101:1244–1250
  17. Keech M, Scott AJ, Ryan PJ. The impact of influenza and influenza-like illness on productivity and healthcare resource utilization in a working population. Occup Med (Lond). 1998;48:85–90
  18. Smith AP, Thomas M, Brockman P, et al. Effect of influenza B virus infection on human performance. BMJ. 1993;306:760–761
  19. Barker WH, Borisute H, Cox C. A study of the impact of influenza on the functional status of frail older people. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:645–650
  20. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA. 2003;289:179–186
  21. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, et al. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA. 2004;292:1333–1340
  22. Miniño AM, Heron MP, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD. Deaths: final data for 2004 (National Vital Statistics Reports, vol. 55, no. 19). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2007;http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_19.pdfAccessed January 31, 2008
  23. Molinari NA, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Messonnier ML, et al. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine. 2007;25:5086–5096
  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Costs of chronic disease. November 2005 http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/overview.htm#2Accessed February 9, 2008
  25. Bridges CB, Thompson WW, Meltzer MI, et al. Effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination of healthy working adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;284:1655–1663
  26. Demicheli V, Rivetti D, Deeks JJ, Jefferson TO. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;3:CD001269
  27. Nichol KL, Lind A, Margolis KL, et al. The effectiveness of vaccination against influenza in healthy, working adults. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:889–893
  28. Campbell DS, Rumley MH. Cost-effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in a healthy, working-age population. J Occup Environ Med. 1997;39:408–414
  29. Ohmit SE, Victor JC, Rotthoff JR, et al. Prevention of antigenically drifted influenza by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2513–2522
  30. Keitel WA, Cate RT, Couch RB, et al. Efficacy of repeated annual immunization with inactivated influenza virus vaccines over a five year period. Vaccine. 1997;15:1114–1122
  31. Herrera GA, Iwane MK, Cortese M, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness among 50-64-year-old persons during a season of poor antigenic match between vaccine and circulating influenza virus strains: Colorado, United States, 2003-2004. Vaccine. 2007;25:154–160
  32. Nichol KL, Wuorenma J, von Sternberg T. Benefits of influenza vaccination for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk senior citizens. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1769–1776
  33. Mullooly JP, Bennett MD, Hornbrook MC, et al. Influenza vaccination programs for elderly persons: cost-effectiveness in a health maintenance organization. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:947–952
  34. Jefferson T, Rivetti D, Rudin M, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet. 2005;366:1165–1174
  35. Patriarca PA, Weber JA, Parker RA, et al. Efficacy of influenza vaccination in nursing homes: reduction in illness and complications during an influenza A (H3N2) epidemic. JAMA. 1985;253:1136–1139
  36. Arden NH, Patriarca PA, Kendal AP. Experiences in the use and efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine in nursing homes. In:  Kendal AP,  Patriarca PA editor. Options for the Control of Influenza. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc; 1986;
  37. Monto AS, Hornbuckle K, Ohmit SE. Influenza vaccine effectiveness among elderly nursing home residents: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154:155–160
  38. Neuzil KM, Dupont WD, Wright PF, Edwards KM. Efficacy of inactivated and cold-adapted vaccines against influenza A infection, 1985 to 1990: the pediatric experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:733–740
  39. Ritzwoller DP, Bridges CB, Shetterly S, et al. Effectiveness of the 2003–2004 influenza vaccine among children 6 months to 8 years of age with 1 vs. 2 doses. Pediatrics. 2005;116:153–159
  40. Belshe RB, Mendelman PM, Treanor J, et al. The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenzavirus vaccine in children. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1405–1412
  41. Belshe RB, Gruber WC, Mendelman PM, et al. Efficacy of vaccination with live-attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine against a variant (A/Syndney) not contained in the vaccine. J Pediatr. 2000;136:168–175
  42. Margolis KL, Nichol KL, Poland GA, Pluhar RE. Frequency of adverse reactions to influenza vaccine in the elderly: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. JAMA. 1990;264:1139–1141
  43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Immunization Program: record of the meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, February 21–22, 2006. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/acip/downloads/min-feb06.pdfAccessed February 29, 2008
  44. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people [Healthy People 2010 Web site]. http://www.healthypeople.govAccessed March 3, 2008
  45. Poland GA, Ofstead CL, Tucker SJ, Beebe TJ. Receptivity to mandatory influenza vaccination policies for healthcare workers among registered nurses working on inpatient units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:170–173
  46. Adler GS. Influenza vaccination and self-reported reasons for not receiving influenza vaccination among Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years: United States, 1991-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:1012–1015
  47. National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. Public perception of influenza, vaccination and treatment options: national consumer survey sponsored by the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID). http://www.connectlive.com/events/infectiousdiseases/presskit2006/Survey%20Results%20Fact%20Sheet%20092706.pdfAccessed February 9, 2008
  48. Tucker SJ, Poland GA, Jacobson RM. Requiring influenza vaccination for health care workers. Am J Nurs. 2008;108:32–34
  49. Poland GA, Jacobson RM. Protecting patients from harm: legislating vaccinations for healthcare workers. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32:544–546
  50. Lin CJ, Nowalk MP, Zimmerman RK, et al. Beliefs and attitudes about influenza immunization among parents of children with chronic medical conditions over a two-year period. J Urban Health. 2006;83:874–883
  51. Lewis-Parmar H, McCann R. Achieving national influenza vaccine targets: an investigation of the factors affecting influenza vaccine uptake in older people and people with diabetes. Commun Dis Public Health. 2002;5:119–126
  52. Johnson DR, Nichol KL, Lipczynski K. Barriers to adult immunization. Am J Med. 2008;121:S28–S35
  53. Stinchfield PK. Practice-proven interventions to increase vaccination rates and broaden the immunization season. Am J Med. 2008;121:S11–S21
  54. Fishbein DB, Fontanesi J, Kopald D, et al. Why do not patients receive influenza vaccine in December and January?. Vaccine. 2006;24:798–802
  55. American Medical Association. The National Influenza Vaccine Summit home page. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13732.htmlAccessed December 4, 2007
  56. American Lung Association. Faces of influenza: vaccination recommendations [American Lung Association Web site factsheet]. http://www.facesofinfluenza.org/resources/2007/Recommendations_FactSheet_2007.pdfAccessed December 4, 2007
  57. National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. Influenza overview/introduction. http://www.nfid.org/influenzaAccessed December 4, 2007
  58. Wallace GS. Vaccine supply. Presented at the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, February 27, 2008; Atlanta, Georgia http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/acip/downloads/mtg-slides-feb08/23-vac-supply.pdfAccessed December 7, 2007
  59. Brokstad KA, Cox RJ, Olofsson J, et al. Parenteral influenza vaccination induces a rapid systemic and local immune response. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:198–203
  60. Gross PA, Russo C, Dran S, et al. Time to earliest peak serum antibody response to influenza vaccine in the elderly. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1997;4:491–492
  61. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Breaking from your comfort zone: extending the influenza vaccination season [PowerPoint slide presentation]. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/ed/ciinc/calls/flucall.htmAccessed December 6, 2007

 Statement of author disclosure: Please see the Author Disclosures section at the end of this article.

PII: S0002-9343(08)00465-8

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.05.002

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 121, Issue 7, Supplement 2 , Pages S3-S10 , July 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution