The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 121, Issue 9 , Pages 758-764 , September 2008

Discerning Patterns of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Risk in Healthy Young Adults

  • Vimla L. Patel, PhD, DSc

      Affiliations

    • HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY
    • Center for Decision Making and Cognition, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Phoenix
    • Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, in Partnership with Arizona State University, Phoenix
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Vimla L. Patel, PhD, DSc, Center for Decision Making and Cognition, Arizona State University, Arizona Biomedical Collaborative, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004
    • ,
  • Nicole A. Yoskowitz, MA

      Affiliations

    • HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY
    • ,
  • David R. Kaufman, PhD

      Affiliations

    • HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York City, NY
    • ,
  • Edward H. Shortliffe, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Center for Decision Making and Cognition, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Phoenix
    • Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine–Phoenix, in Partnership with Arizona State University, Phoenix

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control. HIV/AIDS surveillance report: cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2005report/default.htmAccessed April 13, 2008
  2. Centers for Disease Control. HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Adolescents and Young Adults (through 2004). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/adolescents/index.htmAccessed April 13, 2008
  3. Falzer PR. Cognitive schema and naturalistic decision making in evidence-based practices. J Biomed Inform. 2004;37:86–98
  4. Kahneman D. New challenges to the rationality assumption. J Inst Theor Econ. 1994;150:18–36
  5. Stanovich KE. Rationality and the adolescent mind. Psychol Sci Publ Interest. 2006;7:i–ii
  6. Reyna VF, Farley F. Risk and rationality in adolescent decision making: implications for theory, practice, and public policy. Psychol Sci Publ Interest. 2006;7:1–44
  7. Dushoff J, Fitzpatrick S, Buchman TG, et al. Battling bad behavior. Scientist. 2006;20:51
  8. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2010: understanding and improving health. http://www.healthypeople.gov/Document/tableofcontents.htm#volume1Accessed April 13, 2008
  9. Chou R, Huffman LH, Fu R, et al. Screening for HIV: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:55–73
  10. Paltiel AD, Walensky RP, Schackman BR, et al. Expanded HIV screening in the United States: effect on clinical outcomes, HIV transmission, and costs. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:797–806
  11. Centers for Disease Control. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR-14):1–17
  12. Chen Z, Branson B, Ballenger A, Peterman TA. Risk assessment to improve targeting of HIV counseling and testing services for STD clinic patients. Sex Transm Dis. 1998;25:539–543
  13. Peterman TA, Todd KA, Mupanduki I. Opportunities for targeting publicly funded human immunodeficiency virus counseling and testing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1996;12:69–74
  14. Freedberg KA, Samet JH. Think HIV: why physicians should lower their threshold for HIV testing. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1994–2000
  15. Gerbert B, Bronstone A, McPhee S, et al. Development and testing of an HIV-risk screening instrument for use in health care settings. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15:103–113
  16. Haidet P, Stone DA, Taylor WC, Makadon HJ. When risk is low: primary care physicians' counseling about HIV prevention. Patient Educ Couns. 2002;46:21–29
  17. Yarnall KSH, Pollak KI, Ostbye T, et al. Primary care: is there enough time for prevention. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:635–641
  18. Schechtel J, Coates T, Mayer K, Makadon H. HIV risk assessment: physician and patient communication. J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12:722–723
  19. Simmons E, Roberts M, Ma M, et al. Routine testing for HIV in the United States: the intersection between recommendations and practice. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2006;20:79–83
  20. Sheeran P, Abraham C, Orbell S. Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condom use: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 1999;125:90–132
  21. Kalichman SC, Rompa D. Sexual sensation seeking and sexual compulsivity scales: reliability, validity, and predicting HIV risk behavior. J Pers Assess. 1995;65:586–601
  22. Rolison MR, Scherman A. College student risk-taking from three perspectives. Adolescence. 2003;38:689–704
  23. Kershaw TS, Ethier KA, Milan S, et al. The influence of pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and human immunodeficiency virus perceived susceptibility patterns on sexual risk reduction for adolescent females. J Community Psychol. 2005;33:313–331
  24. Patel VL, Branch T, Gutnik L, Arocha J. Shaping understanding of HIV through negotiation and conflict resolution during peer group discussion. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2006;11:185–207
  25. Kershaw TS, Ethier KA, Niccolai LM, et al. Misperceived risk among female adolescents: social and psychological factors associated with sexual risk accuracy. Health Psychol. 2003;22:523–532
  26. Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science. 1974;185:1124–1131
  27. Slovic P, Finucane ML, Peters E, MacGregor DG. Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Anal. 2004;24:311–322
  28. Misovich SJ, Fisher JD, Fisher WA. Close relationships and elevated HIV risk behavior: evidence and possible underlying psychological processes. Rev Gen Psychol. 1997;1:72–107
  29. Whaley AL. Differential risk perceptions for unintended pregnancy, STDs, and HIV/AIDS among urban adolescents: some preliminary findings. J Genet Psychol. 2000;161:435–452
  30. Gerrard M, Gibbons FX, Benthin AC, Hessling RM. A longitudinal study of the reciprocal nature of risk behaviors and cognitions in adolescents: what you do shapes what you think, and vice versa. Health Psychol. 1996;15:344–354
  31. Halpern-Felsher BL, Millstein SG, Ellen JM, et al. The role of behavioral experience in judging risks. Health Psychol. 2001;20:120–126
  32. Kershaw TS, Ickovics JR, Lewis JB, et al. Sexual risk following a sexually transmitted disease diagnosis: the more things change the more they stay the same. J Behav Med. 2004;27:445–461
  33. Patel V, Groen G. Knowledge-based solution strategies in medical reasoning. Cogn Sci. 1986;10:91–116
  34. Patel VL, Arocha JF, Zhang J. Thinking and reasoning in medicine. In:  Holyoak K editors. Thinking and Reasoning. Boston, MA: Cambridge University Press; 2005;p. 727–750
  35. Patel VL, Kaufman DR, Arocha JF. Emerging paradigms of cognition in medical decision-making. J Biomed Inform. 2002;35:52–75
  36. Patel VL, Gutnik LA, Yoskowitz NA, et al. Patterns of reasoning and decision making about condom use by urban college students. AIDS Care. 2006;18:918–930
  37. Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR, et al. Risky decisions despite counter evidence: modeling a culture of safer sexual practices. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2005;594–598
  38. Patel VL, Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR. Comprehension of sexual situations and its relationship to risky decisions by young adults. AIDS Care. 2007;19:916–922
  39. Leprohon J, Patel VL. Decision-making strategies for telephone triage in emergency medical services. Med Decis Making. 1995;15:240–253
  40. Keselman A, Kaufman DR, Kramer S, Patel VL. Fostering conceptual change and critical reasoning about HIV and AIDS. J Res Sci Teach. 2007;44:844–863
  41. Sivaramakrishnan M, Patel VL. Reasoning about childhood nutritional deficiencies by mothers in rural India: a cognitive analysis. Soc Sci Med. 1993;37:937–952
  42. Brown JS, Collins A, Dugid P. Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educ Res. 1988;18:32–42
  43. Kuhn D. Children and adults as intuitive scientists. Psychol Rev. 1989;96:674–689
  44. Bajos N. Social factors and the process of risk construction in HIV sexual transmission. AIDS Care. 1997;9:227–238
  45. Fischhoff B. The real world: what good is it?. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1996;65:232–248
  46. Ariely D, Loewenstein G. The heat of the moment: the effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making. J Behav Decis Making. 2006;19:87–98
  47. Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. In: (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc; 1998;p. 312;xiii
  48. Miles MB, Huberman A. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. 2nd ed.. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1994;
  49. Koopman C, Ried H. Assessment of knowledge and beliefs about HIV/AIDS among adolescents. In:  Davis CM,  Yarber WL,  Bauserman R editor. Handbook of Sexuality-Related Measures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998;p. 321–324
  50. O'Sullivan LF, Udell W, Patel VL. Young urban adults' heterosexual risk encounters and perceived risk and safety: a structured diary study. J Sex Res. 2006;43:343–351
  51. Arocha JF, Wang D, Patel VL. Identifying reasoning strategies in medical decision making: a methodological guide. J Biomed Inform. 2005;38:154–171
  52. Yoskowitz NA, Kaufman DR, O'Sullivan LF, Patel VL. The slippery slope of sexual decision making in urban young adults: a socio-cognitive analysis (Internal technical report). New York: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University; 2008;
  53. Alexander B. Is monogamy dead? (A look at the influence of non-connected sex, Clinton and Kobe). http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9117931Accessed July 2, 2008

 This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant R01 MH65851 to Vimla Patel.

PII: S0002-9343(08)00444-0

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.04.022

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 121, Issue 9 , Pages 758-764 , September 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution