The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 121, Issue 5 , Pages 360-365 , May 2008

Psoriasis and Vascular Disease: An Unsolved Mystery

  • Michael L. Shelling, BS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
  • ,
  • Daniel G. Federman, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Conn.
  • ,
  • Srdjan Prodanovich, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
  • ,
  • Robert S. Kirsner, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
    • Department of Epidemiology and Public Healing, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Robert S. Kirsner, MD, PhD, Department of Dermatology, University of Miami, PO Box 016250 (R250), Miami, Florida 33101.

References 

  1. National Psoriasis Foundation. Psoriasis statistics. www.psoriasis.org/about/statsAccessed April 6, 2007
  2. Schon MP, Boehncke WB. Psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1899–1912
  3. Farber EM, Nall ML. The natural history of psoriasis in 5,600 patients. Dermatologica. 1974;148:1–18
  4. Naldi L, Parazzini F, Brevi A, et al. Family history, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and risk of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1992;127:212–217
  5. Farber EM, Nall ML, Watson W. Natural history of psoriasis in 61 twin pairs. Arch Dermatol. 1974;109(2):207–211
  6. Lebwohl M. Psoriasis. Lancet. 2003;361:1197–1204
  7. Krueger G, Ellis CN. Psoriasis—recent advances in understanding its pathogenesis and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:S94–S100
  8. Lee MG, Cooper AJ. Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Australas J Dermatol. 2006;47:151–159
  9. Krueger JG, Bowcock A. Psoriasis pathophysiology: current concepts of pathogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(Suppl 2):ii30–ii36
  10. Zheng Y, Danilenko DM, Valdez P, et al. Interleukin-22, a T(H)17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis. Nature. 2007;445:648–651
  11. Nickoloff BJ. Cracking the cytokine code in psoriasis. Nat Med. 2007;13:242–244
  12. Krueger GG, Langley RG, Leonardi C, et al. A human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:580–592
  13. Henseler T, Christophers E. Disease concomitance in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32:982–986
  14. Shapiro J, Cohen AD, David M, et al. The association between psoriasis, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis in Israel: a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:629–634
  15. Mallbris L, Granath F, Hamsten A, Stahle M. Psoriasis is associated with lipid abnormalities at the onset of skin disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:614–621
  16. Rocha-Pereira P, Santos-Silva A, Rebelo I, et al. Dislipidemia and oxidative stress in mild and in severe psoriasis as a risk for cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2001;303:33–39
  17. Sommer DM, Jenisch S, Suchan M, et al. Increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2006;298:321–328
  18. Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:829–835
  19. Kimhi O, Caspi D, Bornstein NM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of atherosclerosis in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;36:203–209
  20. Kural BV, Orem A, Cimsit G, et al. Plasma homocysteine and its relationship with atherothrombotic markers in psoriatic patients. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;332:23–30
  21. Stein JH, McBride PE. Hyperhomocysteinemia and atherosclerotic vascular disease: pathophysiology, screening, and treatment. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1301–1306
  22. Van Guldener C, Stehouwer CD. Homocysteine and large arteries. Adv Cardiol. 2007;44:278–301
  23. Bhushan M, McLaughlin B, Weiss JB, Griffiths CEM. Levels of endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:1054–1060
  24. Simonetti O, Lucarini G, Goteri G, et al. VEGF is likely a key factor in the link between inflammation and angiogenesis in psoriasis: results of an immunohistochemical study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2006;19:751–760
  25. Herron MD, Hinckley M, Hoffman MS, et al. Impact of obesity and smoking on psoriasis presentation and management. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1527–1534
  26. Naldi L, Chatenoud L, Linder D, et al. Cigarette smoking, body mass index, and stressful life events as risk factors for psoriasis: results from an Italian case-control study. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125:61–67
  27. Fortes C, Mastroeni S, Leffondre K, et al. Relationship between smoking and the clinical severity of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1580–1584
  28. Setty AR, Curhan G, Choi HK. Smoking and the risk of psoriasis in women: Nurses' Health Study II. Am J Med. 2007;120:953–959
  29. Esposito M, Saraceno R, Giunta A, et al. An Italian study of psoriasis and depression. Dermatology. 2006;212:123–127
  30. Russo PA, Ilchef R, Cooper AJ. Psychiatric morbidity in psoriasis: a review. Australas J Dermatol. 2004;45:155–159
  31. Kimball AB, Jacobson C, Weiss S, et al. The psychosocial burden of psoriasis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6:383–392
  32. Schmitt JM, Ford DE. Role of depression in quality of life for patients with psoriasis. Dermatology. 2007;215:17–27
  33. Parashar S, Rumsfeld JS, Spertus JA, et al. Time course of depression and outcome of myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2035–2043
  34. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction (Impact on 6-month survival). JAMA. 1993;270:1819–1825
  35. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995;91:999–1005
  36. McDonald CJ, Calabresi P. Psoriasis and occlusive vascular disease. Br J Dermatol. 1978;99:469–475
  37. Lindegard B. Diseases associated with psoriasis in a general population of 159,200 middle-aged, urban, native Swedes. Dermatologica. 1986;172:298–304
  38. Pearce DJ, Morrison AE, Higgins KB, et al. The comorbid state of psoriasis patients in a university dermatology practice. J Dermatolog Treat. 2005;16:319–323
  39. Ludwig RJ, Herzog C, Rostock A, et al. Psoriasis: a possible risk factor for development of coronary artery calcification. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:271–276
  40. Gelfand JM, Neimann AL, Shin DB, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA. 2006;296:1735–1741
  41. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1685–1695
  42. Willerson JT, Ridker PM. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation. 2004;109:II2–II10
  43. Ross R. Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–126
  44. Wolfe F, Freundlich B, Straus WL. Increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:36–40
  45. Rhew EY, Ramsey-Goldman R. Premature atherosclerotic disease in systemic lupus erythematosus—role of inflammatory mechanisms. Autoimmun Rev. 2006;5:101–105
  46. Christophers E. Comorbidities in psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20:52–55
  47. Wolfe F, Mitchell DM, Sibley JT, et al. The mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:481–494
  48. Han C, Robinson DW, Hackett MV, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:2167–2172
  49. Maradit-Kremers H, Nicola PJ, Crowson CS, et al. Cardiovascular death in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:722–732
  50. Pham T, Gossec L, Constantin A, et al. Cardiovascular risk and rheumatoid arthritis: clinical practice guidelines based on published evidence and expert opinion. Joint Bone Spine. 2006;73:379–387
  51. Prodanovich S, Ma F, Taylor JR, et al. Methotrexate reduces incidence of vascular diseases in veterans with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:262–267
  52. Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Gulfe A, et al. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2005;32:1213–1218
  53. Markham T, Mullan R, Golden-Mason L, et al. Resolution of endothelial activation and down-regulation of Tie2 receptor in psoriatic skin after infliximab therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:1003–1012
  54. Mastroianni A, Minutilli E, Mussi A, et al. Cytokine profiles during infliximab monotherapy in psoriatic arthritis. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:531–536
  55. Lebwohl M. A clinician's paradigm for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:S59–S69

PII: S0002-9343(08)00064-8

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.025

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 121, Issue 5 , Pages 360-365 , May 2008