The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 121, Issue 2 , Pages 119-126 , February 2008

Surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Cirrhosis Improves Outcome

  • Richard Todd Stravitz, MD, FACP, FACG

      Affiliations

    • Section of Hepatology, Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence should be addressed to Richard Todd Stravitz, MD, FACP, FACG, Section of Hepatology, PO Box 980341, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0341.
  • ,
  • Douglas M. Heuman

      Affiliations

    • H. H. McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Va
  • ,
  • Nisha Chand

      Affiliations

    • Section of Hepatology, Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
  • ,
  • Richard K. Sterling

      Affiliations

    • Section of Hepatology, Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
  • ,
  • Mitchell L. Shiffman

      Affiliations

    • Section of Hepatology, Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
  • ,
  • Velimir A. Luketic

      Affiliations

    • Section of Hepatology, Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
  • ,
  • Arun J. Sanyal

      Affiliations

    • Section of Hepatology, Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
  • ,
  • Adil Habib

      Affiliations

    • H. H. McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Va
  • ,
  • Anastasios A. Mihas

      Affiliations

    • H. H. McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Va
  • ,
  • Ho-Chong S. Giles

      Affiliations

    • H. H. McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Va
  • ,
  • Daniel G. Maluf

      Affiliations

    • Division of Transplant Surgery, Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
  • ,
  • Adrian H. Cotterell

      Affiliations

    • Division of Transplant Surgery, Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
  • ,
  • Marc P. Posner

      Affiliations

    • Division of Transplant Surgery, Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
  • ,
  • Robert A. Fisher

      Affiliations

    • Division of Transplant Surgery, Hume-Lee Transplant Center of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.

References 

  1. Colombo M, de FR, Del NE, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:675–680
  2. Llovet JM, Schwartz M, Mazzaferro V. Resection and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2005;25:181–200
  3. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:693–699
  4. Befeler AS, Hayashi PH, Di Bisceglie AM. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:1752–1764
  5. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, et al. European Association for the Study of the Liver Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma (Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference). J Hepatol. 2001;35:421–430
  6. Di Bisceglie AM. Issues in screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S104–S107
  7. Sherman M. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Oncol. 2001;28:450–459
  8. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2005;42:1208–1236
  9. American Liver Tumor Study Group. A randomized prospective multi-institutional trial of orthotopic liver transplantation or partial hepatic resection with or without adjuvant chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. 1998;
  10. Trevisani F, De NS, Rapaccini G, et al. Semiannual and annual surveillance of cirrhotic patients for hepatocellular carcinoma: effects on cancer stage and patient survival (Italian experience). Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:734–744
  11. Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, et al. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38:518–526
  12. Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43:1317–1325
  13. Franco D, Capussotti L, Smadja C, et al. Resection of hepatocellular carcinomas (Results in 72 European patients with cirrhosis). Gastroenterology. 1990;98:733–738
  14. Iwatsuki S, Gordon RD, Shaw BW, Starzl TE. Role of liver transplantation in cancer therapy. Ann Surg. 1985;202:401–407
  15. Ismail T, Angrisani L, Gunson BK, et al. Primary hepatic malignancy: the role of liver transplantation. Br J Surg. 1990;77:983–987
  16. Hayashi PH, Trotter JF, Forman L, et al. Impact of pretransplant diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma on cadaveric liver allocation in the era of MELD. Liver Transpl. 2004;10:42–48
  17. Jonas S, Bechstein WO, Steinmuller T, et al. Vascular invasion and histopathologic grading determine outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2001;33:1080–1086
  18. Llovet JM, Bruix J, Fuster J, et al. Liver transplantation for small hepatocellular carcinoma: the tumor-node-metastasis classification does not have prognostic power. Hepatology. 1998;27:1572–1577
  19. Wiesner RH, Freeman RB, Mulligan DC. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular cancer: the impact of the MELD allocation policy. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S261–S267
  20. Roayaie S, Frischer JS, Emre SH, et al. Long-term results with multimodal adjuvant therapy and liver transplantation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas larger than 5 centimeters. Ann Surg. 2002;235:533–539
  21. Yuen MF, Cheng CC, Lauder IJ, et al. Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma increases the chance of treatment: Hong Kong experience. Hepatology. 2000;31:330–335
  22. Zhou XD, Tang ZY, Yang BH, Zhang BH. Hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of screening. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2000;1:121–126
  23. Chen TH, Chen CJ, Yen MF, et al. Ultrasound screening and risk factors for death from hepatocellular carcinoma in a high risk group in Taiwan. Int J Cancer. 2002;98:257–261
  24. Toyoda H, Kumada T, Kiriyama S, et al. Impact of surveillance on survival of patients with initial hepatocellular carcinoma: a study from Japan. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1170–1176
  25. Oka H, Kurioka N, Kim K, et al. Prospective study of early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1990;12:680–687
  26. Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2004;130:417–422
  27. Bolondi L, Sofia S, Siringo S, et al. Surveillance programme of cirrhotic patients for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost effectiveness analysis. Gut. 2001;48:251–259
  28. Pateron D, Ganne N, Trinchet JC, et al. Prospective study of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasian patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1994;20:65–71
  29. Zoli M, Magalotti D, Bianchi G, et al. Efficacy of a surveillance program for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1996;78:977–985
  30. Sheu JC, Sung JL, Chen DS, et al. Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implications. Gastroenterology. 1985;89:259–266
  31. Zavaglia C, De CL, Alberti AB, et al. Predictors of long-term survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2708–2716
  32. Llovet JM, Schwartz M, Mazzaferro V. Resection and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2005;25:181–200
  33. Maluf D, Fisher RA, Maroney T, et al. Non-resective ablation and liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): safety and efficacy. Am J Transplant. 2003;3:312–317
  34. Zaman SN, Johnson PJ, Williams R. Silent cirrhosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (Implications for screening in high-incidence and low-incidence areas). Cancer. 1990;65:1607–1610
  35. Giannini E, Risso D, Botta F, et al. Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:218–224
  36. Giannini EG, Zaman A, Ceppa P, et al. A simple approach to noninvasively identifying significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients in clinical practice. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40:521–527
  37. Sheth SG, Flamm SL, Gordon FD, Chopra S. AST/ALT ratio predicts cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:44–48
  38. Vallet-Pichard A, Mallet V, Pol S. FIB-4: a simple, inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV-infected patients. Hepatology. 2006;44:769–770

PII: S0002-9343(07)00992-8

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.09.020

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 121, Issue 2 , Pages 119-126 , February 2008