The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 120, Issue 9 , Pages 799-806 , September 2007

Impact of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Depression and Its Associated Mortality

Presented in part to the Annual Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, Chicago, Illinois, November 2006.

  • Richard V. Milani, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Richard V. Milani, MD, Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Medical Center, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121.
    • ,
  • Carl J. Lavie, MD

References 

  1. Carney RM, Rich MW, Tevelde A, et al. Major depressive disorder in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1987;60(16):1273–1275
  2. Schleifer SJ, Macari-Hinson MM, Coyle DA, et al. The nature and course of depression following myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149(8):1785–1789
  3. Forrester AW, Lipsey JR, Teitelbaum ML, et al. Depression following myocardial infarction. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1992;22(1):33–46
  4. Bush DE, Ziegelstein RC, Patel UV, et al. Post-myocardial infarction depression. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2005;(123):1–8
  5. Rumsfeld JS, Ho PM. Depression and cardiovascular disease: a call for recognition. Circulation. 2005;111(3):250–253
  6. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Reflections on depression as a cardiac risk factor. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(Suppl 1):S19–S25
  7. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson KW, et al. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: the emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(5):637–651
  8. Carney RM, Rich MW, Freedland KE, et al. Major depressive disorder predicts cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 1988;50(6):627–633
  9. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction (Impact on 6-month survival). JAMA. 1993;270(15):1819–1825
  10. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995;91(4):999–1005
  11. van Melle JP, de Jonge P, Spijkerman TA, et al. Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(6):814–822
  12. Ho PM, Masoudi FA, Spertus JA, et al. Depression predicts mortality following cardiac valve surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(4):1255–1259
  13. Ladwig KH, Roll G, Breithardt G, et al. Post-infarction depression and incomplete recovery 6 months after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1994;343(8888):20–23
  14. Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Cassidy MM. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs on depression in patients after major coronary events. Am Heart J. 1996;132(4):726–732
  15. Milani RV, Lavie CJ. Prevalence and effects of cardiac rehabilitation on depression in the elderly with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(10):1233–1236
  16. Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Cassidy MM, Gilliland YE. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs in women with depression. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(10):1480–1483A1487
  17. Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Cardiac rehabilitation and depression. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(8):1080
  18. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Babyak MA, et al. Effects of exercise and stress management training on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(13):1626–1634
  19. Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Adverse psychological and coronary risk profiles in young patients with coronary artery disease and benefits of formal cardiac rehabilitation. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1878–1883
  20. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Moore KA, et al. Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(19):2349–2356
  21. Babyak M, Blumenthal JA, Herman S, et al. Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(5):633–638
  22. Kellner R. A symptom questionnaire. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48(7):268–274
  23. Stewart AL, Greenfield S, Hays RD, et al. Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions (Results from the Medical Outcomes Study). JAMA. 1989;262(7):907–913
  24. Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Benefits of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training. Chest. 2000;117(1):5–7
  25. Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Mehra MR, Ventura HO. Understanding the basics of cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(12):1603–1611
  26. Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Mehra MR. Reduction in C-reactive protein through cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(6):1056–1061
  27. Barefoot JC, Helms MJ, Mark DB, et al. Depression and long-term mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78(6):613–617
  28. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Juneau M, Theroux P. Depression and 1-year prognosis in unstable angina. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(9):1354–1360
  29. Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Talajic M, Bourassa MG. Five-year risk of cardiac mortality in relation to initial severity and one-year changes in depression symptoms after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002;105(9):1049–1053
  30. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):937–952
  31. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):953–962
  32. Blumenthal JA, Lett HS, Babyak MA, et al. Depression as a risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet. 2003;362(9384):604–609
  33. Bush DE, Ziegelstein RC, Tayback M, et al. Even minimal symptoms of depression increase mortality risk after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(4):337–341
  34. Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Catellier D, et al. Depression as a risk factor for mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(11):1277–1281
  35. Stern MJ, Pascale L, Ackerman A. Life adjustment postmyocardial infarction: determining predictive variables. Arch Intern Med. 1977;137(12):1680–1685
  36. Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, et al. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3106–3116
  37. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Carney RM, et al. Exercise, depression, and mortality after myocardial infarction in the ENRICHD trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(5):746–755
  38. Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Freedland KE, et al. Depression and late mortality after myocardial infarction in the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) study. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(4):466–474
  39. Wenger NK, Froelicher ES, Smith LK, et al. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Cardiac rehabilitation as secondary prevention. Clin Pract Guidel Quick Ref Guide Clin. 1995;(17):1–23
  40. Ades PA. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):892–902
  41. Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Littman AB. Benefits of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in secondary coronary prevention in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(3):678–683
  42. O’Connor GT, Buring JE, Yusuf S, et al. An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1989;80(2):234–244
  43. Witt BJ, Jacobsen SJ, Weston SA, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(5):988–996
  44. Vanhees L, Fagard R, Thijs L, Amery A. Prognostic value of training-induced change in peak exercise capacity in patients with myocardial infarcts and patients with coronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76(14):1014–1019
  45. Blumenthal JA, Fredrikson M, Kuhn CM, et al. Aerobic exercise reduces levels of cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses to mental stress in subjects without prior evidence of myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol. 1990;65(1):93–98
  46. Blumenthal JA, Williams RS, Needels TL, Wallace AG. Psychological changes accompany aerobic exercise in healthy middle-aged adults. Psychosom Med. 1982;44(6):529–536
  47. Stern MJ, Cleary P. National Exercise and Heart Disease Project (Psychosocial changes observed during a low-level exercise program). Arch Intern Med. 1981;141(11):1463–1467
  48. Milani RV, Lavie CJ. Behavioral differences and effects of cardiac rehabilitation in diabetic patients following cardiac events. Am J Med. 1996;100(5):517–523
  49. Byrne A, Byrne DG. The effect of exercise on depression, anxiety and other mood states: a review. J Psychosom Res. 1993;37(6):565–574
  50. Camacho TC, Roberts RE, Lazarus NB, et al. Physical activity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134(2):220–231
  51. McAuley E, Kramer AF, Colcombe SJ. Cardiovascular fitness and neurocognitive function in older adults: a brief review. Brain Behav Immun. 2004;18(3):214–220
  52. Krantz DS, Baum A, Wideman M. Assessment of Preferences for self-treatment and information in health care. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1980;39(5):977–990
  53. Mahler HI, Kulik JA. Health care involvement preferences and social-emotional recovery of male coronary-artery-bypass patients. Health Psychol. 1991;10(6):399–408
  54. Kulik JA, Mahler HI. Social support and recovery from surgery. Health Psychol. 1989;8(2):221–238
  55. Cohen F, Lazarus RS. Active coping processes, coping dispositions, and recovery from surgery. Psychosom Med. 1973;35(5):375–389
  56. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, et al. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;99(6):779–785
  57. Severus WE, Littman AB, Stoll AL. Omega-3 fatty acids, homocysteine, and the increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in major depressive disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2001;9(6):280–293

PII: S0002-9343(07)00564-5

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.026

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 120, Issue 9 , Pages 799-806 , September 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution