The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 120, Issue 3, Supplement 1 , Pages S3-S11 , March 2007

Multiple Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

  • Sidney C. Smith Jr., MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Sidney C. Smith, Jr., MD, UNC Center for Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 130 Mason Farm Road, Suite 4128, CB # 7075, Bioinformatics Building, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.

References 

  1. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Fact Book for Fiscal Year 2002. Bethesda, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health; 2003;Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/02factbk.pdf. Accessed June 2006.
  2. American Obesity Association. AOA Fact Sheets: Obesity in the U.S.. Washington, DC: American Obesity Association; 2002;Available at: http://www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/obesity_US.shtml. Accessed June 2006.
  3. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2004;291:1238–1245
  4. Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1138–1145
  5. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Ohman EM, et al. REACH [Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health] Registry Investigators International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA. 2006;295:180–189
  6. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. INTERHEART Study Investigators Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937–952
  7. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990-1998. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1278–1283
  8. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemic of obesity in the United States. JAMA. 2000;284:1650–1651
  9. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA. 1999;282:1519–1522
  10. Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, Vinicor F, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 2001;286:1195–1200
  11. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. The continuing increase of diabetes in the U.S.. [letter] Diabetes Care. 2001;24:412
  12. Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000. Circulation. 2004;109:1101–1107
  13. Critchley JA, Capewell S. Why model coronary heart disease?. Eur Heart J. 2002;23:110–116
  14. Capewell S, Beaglehole R, Seddon M, McMurray J. Explanation for the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Auckland, New Zealand, between 1982 and 1993. Circulation. 2000;102:1511–1516
  15. Capewell S, Morrison CE, McMurray JJ. Contribution of modern cardiovascular treatment and risk factor changes to the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Scotland between 1975 and 1994. Heart. 1999;81:380–386
  16. Yan LL, Daviglus ML, Liu K, et al. Midlife body mass index and hospitalization and mortality in older age. JAMA. 2006;295:190–198
  17. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 1998;NIH Publication No. 98-4083. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf. Accessed June 2006.
  18. Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L NEDCOM, the Netherlands Epidemiology and Demography Compression of Morbidity Research Group. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:24–32
  19. Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C Conference Participants. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition [NHLBI/AHA Conference Proceedings]. Circulation. 2004;109:433–438
  20. Katzmarzyk PT, Janssen I, Ross R, Church TS, Blair SN. The importance of waist circumference in the definition of metabolic syndrome: prospective analyses of mortality in men. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:404–409
  21. Grundy SM. Hypertriglyceridemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:18B–25B
  22. Reaven GM. Banting Lecture 1998: role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988;37:1595–1607
  23. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2289–2304
  24. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  25. Lorenzo C, Okoloise M, Williams K, Stern MP, Haffner SM. The metabolic syndrome as predictor of type 2 diabetes: the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3153–3159
  26. Ridker PM, Wilson PW, Grundy SM. Should C-reactive protein be added to metabolic syndrome and to assessment of global cardiovascular risk?. Circulation. 2004;109:2818–2825
  27. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356–359
  28. Ninomiya JK, L’Italien G, Criqui MH, Whyte JL, Gamst A, Chen RS. Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2004;109:42–46
  29. Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation. 2003;108:414–419
  30. Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americans: a 7-year prospective study. Obes Res. 1997;5:16–23
  31. Stevens J, Couper D, Pankow J, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of anthropometrics for the prediction of diabetes in a biracial cohort. Obes Res. 2001;9:696–705
  32. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288:2709–2716
  33. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident cardiovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14 719 initially healthy American women. Circulation. 2003;107:391–397
  34. Eckel RH, Kahn R, Robertson RM, Rizza RA. Preventing cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a call to action from the American Diabetes Association and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2006;113:2943–2946

PII: S0002-9343(07)00032-0

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.01.002

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 120, Issue 3, Supplement 1 , Pages S3-S11 , March 2007