The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 119, Issue 9, Supplement 1 , Pages S87-S93, September 2006

Sex Steroid Hormone Gene Polymorphisms and Depressive Symptoms in Women at Midlife

  • Howard M. Kravitz, DO, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence should be addressed to Howard M. Kravitz, DO, MPH, Rush University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Marshall Field IV Building, 1720 West Polk Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612.
    • ,
  • Imke Janssen, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • ,
  • Francis E. Lotrich, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
    • ,
  • Deborah M. Kado, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Medicine and Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California–Los Angeles, California, USA
    • ,
  • Joyce T. Bromberger, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract 

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype frequencies were examined to determine whether variation in 6 estrogen-related genes was associated with differences in self-reported depressive symptoms in women. In this substudy of the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN), DNA from a multiracial/multiethnic sample of 1,538 African American, Caucasian, Chinese, and Japanese women aged 42 to 52 years participating in SWAN was genotyped. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression (CES-D) scale. After excluding data from women taking antidepressants (n=103), statistical models were fit using multivariate logistic regression to predict the association of estrogen-related polymorphisms with the dichotomized CES-D score. Among Caucasian women, those with the CYP1A1 rs2606345 CC and AC genotypes had approximately 2-fold greater odds of having depressive symptoms than did those with the AA genotype (95% confidence intervals [CIs], 1.33 to 4.66 and 1.25 to 3.14, respectively). African American women with the CC genotype of the same SNP had 10-fold greater odds of having more depressive symptoms than did women with the AA genotype (95% CI, 1.20 to 86.20). In Japanese women, the odds of depressive symptoms were nearly 5-fold higher among those with CYP 19 rs936306 TT genotype (95% CI, 1.10 to 22.17) than in women with the CC genotype and 9.6-fold higher (95% CI, 2.01 to 45.81) than in women with the CT genotype. The odds of depressive symptoms among Chinese women with the 17HSD rs615942 TT genotype were nearly 11-fold higher than in those with the GT genotype (95% CI, 1.94 to 60.84) and >7-fold higher than in those with the GG genotype (95% CI, 1.13 to 51.82). These data provide evidence that selected genes involved in estrogen synthesis and metabolism increase the odds of more depressive symptoms in women who are premenopausal or perimenopausal.

Keywords:  Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale , Depression , Genetics , Polymorphism , Sex steroid hormones

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 The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) and the SWAN Repository were supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, through the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Nursing Research, and the NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health (Grant Nos. AG017719, NR004061, AG012505, AG012535, AG012531, AG012539, AG012546, AG012553, AG012554, and AG012495). The Sex Steroid Hormone Genetics Protocol was supported by the SWAN Repository. Work on this report also was supported by Grant No. AG024246 from the NIH to Dr. Deborah M. Kado.This report is based on samples from the SWAN DNA Repository. Scientists interested in developing studies based on this resource can find a description of the SWAN Core Repository and SWAN DNA Repository and information on obtaining access to the resources at www.swanrepository.org.Reprints are not available.

PII: S0002-9343(06)00832-1

doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.07.010

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 119, Issue 9, Supplement 1 , Pages S87-S93, September 2006

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