« Previous
Next »
The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 119, Issue 5,
Supplement 1
, Pages S3-S9
, May 2006
Risk Constellations in Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Patterns
References
- Global prevalence of diabetes (estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030) . Diabetes Care . 2004;27:1047–1053
- Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction . N Engl J Med . 1998;339:229–234
- Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35) (prospective observational study) . BMJ . 2000;321:405–412
- Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36) (prospective observational study) . BMJ . 2000;321:412–419
- Cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prediabetic individuals. Does the clock for coronary heart disease start ticking before the onset of clinical diabetes? . JAMA . 1990;263:2893–2898
- Elevated risk of cardiovascular disease prior to clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2002;25:1129–1134
- Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) . JAMA . 2001;285:2486–2497
- . Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation . Diabet Med . 1998;15:539–553
- The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition . Lancet . 2005;366:1059–1062
- . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults (findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) . JAMA . 2002;287:356–359
-
Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome
(the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS))
.
Circulation
. 2000;102:42–47
- The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men . JAMA . 2002;288:2709–2716
- . NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older . Diabetes . 2003;52:1210–1214
- National Cholesterol Education Program versus World Health Organization metabolic syndrome in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study . Circulation . 2004;110:1251–1257
- The metabolic syndrome as predictor of type 2 diabetes (the San Antonio Heart Study) . Diabetes Care . 2003;26:3153–3159
-
.
Report of the Expert Committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus
.
Diabetes Care
. 2003;26(suppl 1):S5–S10
- . The prevention of type 2 diabetes—lifestyle change or pharmacotherapy? A challenge for the 21st century . Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2003;59:165–180
- Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin . N Engl J Med . 2002;346:393–403
- Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial) . Lancet . 2002;359:2072–2077
- Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women . Diabetes . 2002;51:2796–2803
- Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance (the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study) . Diabetes Care . 1997;20:537–544
- Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance . N Engl J Med . 2001;344:1343–1350
- . Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) . Circulation . 1998;97:1440–1445
- Secondary prevention of cardiovascular events with long-term pravastatin in patients with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose (results from the LIPID trial) . Diabetes Care . 2003;26:2713–2721
- Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA) (a multicentre randomised controlled trial) . Lancet . 2003;361:1149–1158
- MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5,963 people with diabetes (a randomised placebo-controlled trial) . Lancet . 2003;361:2005–2016
- . Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients . N Engl J Med . 2000;342:145–153
- . Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic . JAMA . 2002;288:2981–2997
- Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE) (a randomised trial against atenolol) . Lancet . 2002;359:995–1003
- Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure (the CHARM-Overall programme) . Lancet . 2003;362:759–766
- Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine (the VALUE randomised trial) . Lancet . 2004;363:2022–2031
- Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension (the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial) . Lancet . 1999;353:611–616
- Induction of insulin resistance by beta-blockade but not ACE-inhibition (long-term treatment with atenolol or trandolapril) . J Hum Hypertens . 2000;14:175–180
- . Long-term treatment with losartan versus atenolol improves insulin sensitivity in hypertension (ICARUS, a LIFE substudy) . J Hypertens . 2005;23:891–898
- Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetes prevention (the DREAM trial) . Diabetologia . 2004;47:1519–1527
- Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of 2 large, simple, randomized trials evaluating telmisartan, ramipril, and their combination in high-risk patients (the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial/Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE-Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease. (ONTARGET/TRANSCEND) trials) . Am Heart J . 2004;148:52–61
- . Cough and angioedema from angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (new insights into mechanisms and management) . Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol . 2004;4:267–270
- . Importance of an oral glucose tolerance test in identifying high prevalence of dysglycemia in individuals at high cardiovascular risk . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2005;43(suppl 1):A211; Abstract 1128-1200
This study was supported by a grant from Boehringer Ingelheim.
PII: S0002-9343(06)00099-4
doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.01.008
© 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 119, Issue 5,
Supplement 1
, Pages S3-S9
, May 2006

