The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 117, Issue 9 , Pages 657-664 , 1 November 2004

Sex- and age-related differences in the prognostic value of C-reactive protein in patients with angiographic coronary artery disease

  • Lillian L.C. Khor, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (LLCK, JBM, JFC, JLA), Salt Lake City, Utah
  • ,
  • Joseph B. Muhlestein, MD

      Affiliations

    • Cardiovascular Department, LDS Hospital
    • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (LLCK, JBM, JFC, JLA), Salt Lake City, Utah
  • ,
  • John F. Carlquist, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Cardiovascular Department, LDS Hospital
    • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (LLCK, JBM, JFC, JLA), Salt Lake City, Utah
  • ,
  • Benjamin D. Horne, MStat, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Cardiovascular Department, LDS Hospital
  • ,
  • Tami L. Bair

      Affiliations

    • Cardiovascular Department, LDS Hospital
  • ,
  • Chloe A. Maycock, RN

      Affiliations

    • Cardiovascular Department, LDS Hospital
  • ,
  • Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD

      Affiliations

    • Cardiovascular Department, LDS Hospital
    • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (LLCK, JBM, JFC, JLA), Salt Lake City, Utah
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, LDS Hospital Cardiology, 8th Avenue and C Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84143
  • ,
  • for the Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study Group

Received 27 October 2003 ,Accepted 7 June 2004.

References 

  1. Kuller LH , Tracy RP , Shaten J , et al.  Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study (Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial) . Am J Epidemiol . 1996;144:537–547
  2. Ridker PM , Cushman M , Stampfer MJ , et al.  Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men . N Engl J Med . 1997;336:973–979
  3. Ridker PM , Buring JE , Shih J , et al.  Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women . Circulation . 1998;98:731–733
  4. Ridker PM , Rifai N , Rose L , et al.  Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events . N Engl J Med . 2002;347:1557–1565
  5. Haverkate F , Thompson SG , Pyke SD , et al.  Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina (European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group) . Lancet . 1997;349:462–466
  6. Folsom AR , Pankow JS , Tracy RP , et al.  Association of C-reactive protein with markers of prevalent atherosclerotic disease . Am J Cardiol . 2001;88:112–117
  7. Muhlestein JB , Horne BD , Carlquist JF , et al.  Cytomegalovirus seropositivity and C-reactive protein have independent and combined predictive value for mortality in patients with angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease . Circulation . 2000;102:1917–1923
  8. Ridker PM , Stampfer MJ , Rifai N . Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease . JAMA . 2001;285:2481–2485
  9. Pearson TA , Mensah GA , Alexander RW , et al.  Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association . Circulation . 2003;107:499–511
  10. Pasceri V , Cheng JS , Willerson JT , et al.  Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by anti-atherosclerosis drugs . Circulation . 2001;103:2531–2534
  11. Pasceri V , Willerson JT , Yeh ET . Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells . Circulation . 2000;102:2165–2168
  12. Ballou SP , Lozanski G . Induction of inflammatory cytokine release from cultured human monocytes by C-reactive protein . Cytokine . 1992;4:361–368
  13. Torzewski M , Rist C , Mortensen RF , et al.  C-reactive protein in the arterial intima: role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2000;20:2094–2099
  14. Zwaka TP , Hombach V , Torzewski J . C-reactive protein-mediated low density lipoprotein uptake by macrophages: implications for atherosclerosis . Circulation . 2001;103:1194–1197
  15. Dangas G , Smith DA , Badimon JJ , et al.  Gender differences in blood thrombogenicity in hyperlipidemic patients and response to pravastatin . Am J Cardiol . 1999;84:639–643
  16. Garcia-Moll X , Zouridakis E , Cole D , et al.  C-reactive protein in patients with chronic stable angina: differences in baseline serum concentration between women and men . Eur Heart J . 2000;21:1598–1606
  17. McConnell JP , Branum EL , Ballman KV , et al.  Gender differences in C-reactive protein concentrations-confirmation with two sensitive methods . Clin Chem Lab Med . 2002;40:56–59
  18. Taylor GS , Muhlestein JB , Wagner GS , et al.  Implementation of a computerized cardiovascular information system in a private hospital setting . Am Heart J . 1998;136:792–803
  19. Muhlestein JB , Horne BD , Bair TL , et al.  Usefulness of in-hospital prescription of statin agents after angiographic diagnosis of coronary artery disease in improving continued compliance and reduced mortality . Am J Cardiol . 2001;87:257–261
  20. Zhu J , Shearer GM , Norman JE , et al.  Host response to cytomegalovirus infection as a determinant of susceptibility to coronary artery disease: sex-based differences in inflammation and type of immune response . Circulation . 2000;102:2491–2496
  21. Kalaria VG , Zareba W , Moss AJ , et al.  Gender-related differences in thrombogenic factors predicting recurrent cardiac events in patients after acute myocardial infarction (The THROMBO Investigators) . Am J Cardiol . 2000;85:1401–1408
  22. Nakagomi A , Freedman SB , Geczy CL . Interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide potentiate monocyte tissue factor induction by C-reactive protein: relationship with age, sex, and hormone replacement treatment . Circulation . 2000;101:1785–1791
  23. Ridker PM , Hennekens CH , Rifai N , et al.  Hormone replacement therapy and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein . Circulation . 1999;100:713–716
  24. Cushman M , Legault C , Barrett-Connor E , et al.  Effect of post-menopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study . Circulation . 1999;100:717–722
  25. Zanger D , Yang BK , Ardans J , et al.  Divergent effects of hormone therapy on serum markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease on appropriate medical management . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2000;36:1797–1802
  26. Cushman M , Meilahn EN , Psaty BM , et al.  Hormone replacement therapy, inflammation, and hemostasis in elderly women . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 1999;19:893–899
  27. Barinas-Mitchell E , Cushman M , Meilahn EN , et al.  Serum levels of C-reactive protein are associated with obesity, weight gain, and hormone replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women . Am J Epidemiol . 2001;153:1094–1101
  28. Walsh BW , Paul S , Wild RA , et al.  The effects of hormone replacement therapy and raloxifene on C-reactive protein and homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2000;85:214–218

 This study was funded in part by a grant from the Deseret Foundation, Salt Lake City, Utah.

PII: S0002-9343(04)00438-3

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.06.021

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 117, Issue 9 , Pages 657-664 , 1 November 2004