The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 117, Issue 3 , Pages 204-207 , 1 August 2004

The glucocorticoid receptor gene, longevity, and the complex disorders of Western societies

  • George P. Chrousos, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to George P. Chrousos, MD, NIH-NICHD, Bldg. 10, Room 9D42, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland

References 

  1. Chrousos GP . Glucocorticoid therapy . In:  Felig P ,  Frohman L editor. Endocrinology and Metabolism . 4th ed. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001;p. 609–632
  2. Chrousos GP . Stressors, stress and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response (The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture) . Ann NY Acad Sci . 1998;851:311–335
  3. Franchimont D , Kino T , Galon J , Meduri GU , Chrousos GP . Glucocorticoids and inflammation revisited. The state-of-the-art. NIH Clinical Staff Conference . NeuroImmunoModulation . 2003;10:247–260
  4. Galon J , Franchimont D , Hiroi N , et al.  Gene profiling reveals unknown enhancing and suppressive actions of glucocorticoids on immune cells . FASEB J . 2002;16:61–71
  5. van Rossum EFC, Feelders RA, van den Beld AW, et al. Association of the ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene with survival and C-reactive protein levels in elderly men. Am J Med. 2004;117:158–162.
  6. van Rossum EF , Koper JW , Huizenga NA , et al.  A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene, which decreases sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo, is associated with low insulin and cholesterol levels . Diabetes . 2002;51:3128–3134
  7. Wuest S , van Rossum E , Federenko I , Koper J , Kumsta R , Hellhammer D . Common polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene are associated with adrenocortical responses to psychosocial stress . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2004;89:565–573
  8. Chrousos GP , Charmandari E , Kino T . Glucocorticoid action networks–An introduction to systems biology . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2004;89:563–564
  9. Bamberger CM , Schulte HM , Chrousos GP . Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid receptor function and tissue sensitivity . Endo Rev . 1996;17:221–244
  10. Kino T , De Martino MU , Charmandari E , Mirani M , Chrousos GP . Tissue glucocorticoid resistance/hypersensitivity syndromes . J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol . 2003;85:457–467
  11. Miller W , Chrousos GP . The adrenal cortex . In:  Felig P ,  Frohman L editor. Endocrinology and Metabolism . 4th ed. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001;p. 387–524
  12. Chrousos GP , Detera-Wadleigh S , Karl M . Syndromes of glucocorticoid resistance. NIH Clinical Staff Conference . Ann Int Med . 1993;119:1113–1124
  13. Friedman TC , Mastorakos G , Newman TD . Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in endogenous hypercortisolism (shared features with metabolic syndrome X and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) . Endocr J . 1996;43:645–656
  14. Chrousos GP . The role of stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome (Neuro-endocrine and target tissue-related causes) . Intern J Obesity . 2000;24:S50–S55
  15. Phillips DIW , Barker DJP , Fall CHD , et al.  Elevated plasma cortisol concentrations (A link between low birth weight and the insulin resistance syndrome) . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1998;83:757–760
  16. McEwen B . Protecting and damaging effects of stress mediators . N Engl J Med . 1999;338:171–179
  17. Chrousos GP . The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation . N Eng J Med . 1995;332:1351–1362
  18. Papanicolaou DA , Wilder RL , Manolagas SC , Chrousos GP . The pathophysiologic roles of interleukin-6 in humans . Ann Intern Med . 1998;128:127–137
  19. Gold PW , Chrousos GP . Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression (High vs. low CRH/NE states) . Mol Psychiatry . 2002;7:254–275
  20. Clauw DJ , Chrousos GP . Chronic pain and fatigue syndromes (overlapping clinical and neuroendocrine features and potential pathogenic mechanisms) . Neuroimmunomodulation . 1997;4:134–153

PII: S0002-9343(04)00305-5

doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.05.006

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 117, Issue 3 , Pages 204-207 , 1 August 2004