The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 113, Issue 9, Supplement 2 , Pages 13-24 , 30 December 2002

Randomized clinical trials on the effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease

  • Frank M Sacks, MD

      Affiliations

    • Nutrition Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (FMS)
    • Corresponding Author InformationRequests for reprints should be addressed to Frank M. Sacks, MD, Nutrition Department, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
  • ,
  • Martijn Katan, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, and Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands (MK)

References 

  1. Ascherio A. Epidemiologic studies on dietary fats and coronary heart disease. Am J Med. 2002;113(Suppl 9B):13S–24S
  2. Holme I. Cholesterol reduction and its impact on coronary artery disease and total mortality. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:10C–17C
  3. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al.  Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1301–1307
  4. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group (4S) . Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease (the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)). Lancet. 1994;344:1383–1389
  5. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al.  The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1001–1009
  6. Martin MJ, Hulley SB, Browner WS, et al.  Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality (implications from a cohort of 361,662 men). Lancet. 1986;2:933–936
  7. Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, et al.  Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1700–1707
  8. Rose G, Reid DD, Hamilton PJ, et al.  Myocardial ischemia, risk factors and death from coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1977;1:105–109
  9. Kannel WB. Range of serum cholesterol values in the population developing coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:69C–77C
  10. American Heart Association dietary guidelines. Revision 2000 (a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association). Circulation. 2000;102:2296–2311
  11. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, et al.  High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation. 1989;79:8–15
  12. Hokanson JE, Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies). J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996;3:213–219
  13. Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and liporoteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12:911–919
  14. Stampfer MJ, Krauss RM, Ma J, et al.  A prospective study of triglycerides, LDL particle diameter, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1996;276:882–888
  15. Chen YD, Skowronski R, Coulston AM, et al.  Effect of acute variations in dietary fat and carbohydrate intake on retinyl ester content of intestinally derived lipoproteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74:28–32
  16. Garg A. High-monounsaturated-fat diets for patients with diabetes mellitus (a meta-analysis). Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(3 suppl):577S–582S
  17. Clarke R, Frost C, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol (quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies). BMJ. 1997;314:112–117
  18. Tzonou A, Kalandidi A, Trichopoulou A, et al.  Diet and coronary heart disease (a case-control study in Athens, Greece). Epidemiology. 1993;4:511–516
  19. Sacks FM, Willett WC. More on chewing the fat: the good fat and the good cholesterol. [editorial] N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1740–1742
  20. Katan MB. Are there good and bad carbohydrates for HDL cholesterol?. Lancet. 1999;353:1029–1030
  21. Obarzanek E, Sacks FM, Vollmer WM, et al.  Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet (the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial). Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:80–89
  22. Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Augustin LSA, Vuksan V. High-complex carbohydrate or lente carbohydrate foods?. Am J Med. 2002;113(Suppl 9B):30S–37S
  23. Research Committee . Low-fat diet in myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1965;ii:501–504
  24. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, et al.  Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial infarction (diet and reinfarction trial (DART)). Lancet. 1989;ii:757–761
  25. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group . Mortality after 16 years for participants randomized to the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Circulation. 1996;94:946–951
  26. Kallio V, Hamalainen H, Hakkila J, Luurila OJ. Reduction in sudden deaths by a multifactorial intervention programme after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1979;ii:1091–1094
  27. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al.  Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet. 1990;336:129–133
  28. Schuler G, Hambrecht R, Schlierf G, et al.  Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet. Effects on progression of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1992;86:1–11
  29. Watts GF, Lewis B, Brunt JN, et al.  Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St Thomas’ Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Lancet. 1992;339:563–569
  30. Gordon DJ, Rifkind BM. High-density lipoprotein—the clinical implications of recent studies. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1311–1316
  31. Bronte-Stewart B, Antonis A, Eales L, Brock JF. Effects of feeding different fats on serum-cholesterol level. Lancet. 1956;i:521–527
  32. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Prediction of serum-cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet. Lancet. 1957;ii:959
  33. Ahrens EH, Hirsch J, Insull W, Tsaltas TT, Blomstrand R, Peterson ML. The influence of dietary fats on serum lipid levels in man. Lancet. 1957;i:943–953
  34. Malmros H, Wigand G. The effect on serum cholesterol of diets containing different fats. Lancet. 1957;ii:1–7
  35. Dayton S, Pearce ML, Hashimoto S, et al.  A controlled clinical trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat in preventing complications of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1969;40(suppl II):II-1–II-63
  36. Leren P. The Oslo Diet-Heart Study (Eleven-year report). Circulation. 1970;42:935–942
  37. Research Committee . Controlled trial of soya-bean oil in myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1968;ii:693–700
  38. Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M, Miettinen M, Elosuo R, Paavilainen E. Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease (the Finnish Mental Hospital Study). Int J Epidemiol. 1979;8:99–118
  39. De Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, et al.  Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994;343:1454–1459
  40. De Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction. Final report of the Lyon Heart Study. Circulation. 1999;99:779–785
  41. De Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Boucher P, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet in a randomized trial. Prolonged survival and possible reduced cancer rate. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1181–1187
  42. Singh RB, Rostogi SS, Verma R, et al.  Randomised controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction (results of one year follow up). BMJ. 1992;304:1015–1019
  43. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators . Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction (results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial). Lancet. 1999;354:447–455
  44. Harris WS. Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans (a critical review). J Lipid Res. 1989;30:785–807
  45. Weintraub MS, Zechner R, Brown A, et al.  Dietary polyunsaturated fats of the omega-6 and omega-3 series reduce postprandial lipoprotein levels. J Clin Invest. 1988;82:1884–1894
  46. Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, et al.  The effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Hypertension. 1994;12(suppl 7):S23–S31
  47. Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner G. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation. 1993;88:523–533
  48. Billman GE, Hallaq H, Leaf A. Prevention of ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillation by omega-3 fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:4427–4430
  49. Sellmayer A, Witzgall H, Lorenz RL, Weber PC. Effects of dietary fish oil on ventricular premature complexes. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:974–976
  50. Siscovic DS, Raghunathan TE, King I, et al.  Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1995;274:1363–1367
  51. Katan MB, Mensink RP, Zock PL. Trans fatty acids and their effect on lipoproteins in humans. Annu Rev Nutr. 1995;15:473–493
  52. Zock PL, Katan MB. Trans fatty acids, lipoproteins, and coronary risk. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997;75:211–216
  53. Almendingen K, Jordal O, Kierulf P, Sanstad B, Pedersen JI. Effects of partially hydrogenated fish oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, and butter on serum lipoproteins and Lp(a) in men. J Lipid Res. 1995;36:1370–1384

PII: S0002-9343(01)00987-1

The American Journal of Medicine
Volume 113, Issue 9, Supplement 2 , Pages 13-24 , 30 December 2002